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Biology > Chapter 1: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Cell Structure Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

Magnification

A

Image/Actual size

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2
Q

Magnification definition

A

how many times bigger an image of a specimen is observed is compared to the actual size of the specimen.

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3
Q

Light Microscope

A

Source: Light
Wavelength: 400-700nm
Resolution: 200nm
Specimen: Alive
Image: Coloured
Magnification: 1000-1500

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4
Q

Electron Microscope

A

Source: electron
Wavelength: 0.01nm
Resolution: 0.05nm
Specimen: Dead
Image: black and white

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5
Q

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

the beam of electron is fired through the specimen.
Resolution as low as 0.05nm.
2D image

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6
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

the beam of electrons is fixed across the specimen.
Resolution of 3nm-20nm
3D image

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7
Q

Eye piece graticule

A

transparent scale used in the eye piece lens with 100 divisions with no dimensions

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8
Q

Stage micrometer

A

usually each division is 0.01mm

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9
Q

How do you calibrate an eyepiece graticule using a stage micrometer?

A

Place the stage micrometer on the microscope stage.

Align the stage micrometer scale with the eyepiece graticule.

Count how many divisions on the eyepiece graticule match a known length on the stage micrometer.

Calculate the value of one eyepiece division.

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10
Q

Resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two closely spaced points as separate entities.

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11
Q

A wave length with high energy gives you a low or high resolution power?
Why?

A

High resolution power.
As you go up the elctromagnetic spectrum the energy increases

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12
Q

What does changing the objective lens changes?

A

The magnification
Not the resolution

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13
Q

Cell Surface Membrane

A

controls the movement of subtances on and out of the cell
Partially permeable
7nm in width
Formed from a bilayer of phospholipids
Acts like a barrier between the cytoplasm and the external environment
Site for enzyme-catalysed reactions

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14
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle surrounded by a double mebraned nuclear envelope.
The nucleus contains DNA organized into chromosomes.
ribosomes production

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15
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

The nuclear envelope, a double membrane surrounding the nucleus, controls the exchange of materials (e.g., RNA and proteins) between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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16
Q

Nuclear pores

A

gaps in the nulcear envelope that allows exchange between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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17
Q

Nucleolus

A

manufacture ribosomes using the
information in its own DNA

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18
Q

Chromatin

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A

the material of which chromosomes
are made

19
Q

Cytoplasm

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A

the contents of the cell excluding the nucleus
site for metabolic reactions in the cell

20
Q

Rough endoplasmic recticulum (RER)

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A

a network of membranous tubules and flattened sacs with ribosomes studded at its surface

21
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic recticulum (SER)

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A

synthesises lipids

22
Q

Ribosomes

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A

small, non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
20nm

23
Q

70S ribosomes

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A

found in:
Mitochondria
Chloroplast

24
Q

80S ribosomes

Study These Flashcards
A

Found in:
RER
Nucleus

25
Mitochondria
the organelle in eukaryotes in which aerobic respiration takes place major purpose of respiration is to make ATP
26
Golgi apparatus
packages proteins and lipids that a synthesised in the cell formation of lysosomes
27
Lysosomes
contains enzymes needed for breaking down waste material 0.1-0.3um
28
Cell wall
protects the cell and provides support, and prevents the cell from brusting. Primarily composed of celluose in plants
29
centrioles
During cell division, centrioles help organize the spindle fibers that are responsible for separating chromosomes.
30
microtubules
hollow, tube-like structures which contribute to the overall shape and mechanical support of the cell.
31
centrosome
the main microtubule organising centre (MTOC) in animal cells
32
Cilia
tiny hair-like appendages that help cells move through water or move substances across the cell's surface composed of over 600 different polypeptides
33
Microvilli
small, finger-like extensions of a cell which increase the surface area of the cell for more efficient absorption or secretion
34
Chloroplast
double membraned organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place. 3um. Has a fluid filled space called stroma
35
Grana
stacked structures in the chlorplast contain chlorophll
36
plasmodesmata
channels that connect plant cells to one another, allowing for direct communication and transport of materials between cells.
37
Vacuole
sac-like structures which are surrounded by a single membrane. help regluate the flow of water stores water, nutrients, etc maintain tugor pressure get rid of waste material
38
Tonoplast
a membrane that surrounds the vacuole of a plant cell
39
Eukaryotic cells
Diameter: 10-100um DNA: Linear. surrounded by the nucleus Ribosome: 80S ER: present Cell wall: cellulose Cell divison: mitosis and cytokinesis
40
Prokaryotic cells
Unicellular organisms taht lack memebrane organelles. Diameter: 0.5-5um DNA: circular, lies free Ribosome: 70S ER: absent Cell wall: murein Cell divison: binary fission
41
Bacteria
single-celled prokaryotes which are essential for processes such as decomposition, nitrogen fixation, and symbiosis, but can also be pathogenic and cause diseases. Always has a cell wall, surface membrane, cytoplasm, circular DNA, and ribosomes
42
capsule
extra layer outside the cell wall. This may take the form of a capsule or a slime layer. Some capsules prevent white blood cells known as phagocytes from engulfing disease-causing bacteria.
43
plasmid
small circle of DNA separate from the main DNA of the cell
44
Virus
a very small (20–300 nm) infectious particle which can replicate only inside living cells; it consists of a molecule of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called capsid

Biology (2 decks)

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