Chapter 1: Cell the Fundamental Units of Life

Question 1

Cells vary enormously in _______ and _______.

Answer 1

Appearance and Function

Question 2

Living Cells All Have a Similar ________.

Answer 2

Basic Chemistry

Question 3

(True or False) Cells resemble one another to an astonishing degree in the details of their chemistry.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

(true or false) In all organisms, genetic information—in the form of genes—is carried in DNA molecules.

Answer 4

true

Question 5

Long polymer chains of DNA
are made from the same set of four monomers, called _________.

Answer 5

nucleotides

Question 6

The information encoded in these DNA molecules is read out, or transcribed, into a related set of polynucleotides called _____.

Answer 6

RNA

Question 7

The flow of information—from DNA to RNA to protein—is called ______.

Answer 7

central dogma

Question 8

Proteins are built from _______.

Answer 8

amino acids

Question 9

Living Cells Are ______ Collections of Catalysts

Answer 9

Self-Replicating

Question 10

(true or false) All living organisms are constructed from cells.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

(true or false) Life is an autocatalytic
process.

Answer 11

true

Question 12

The process by which living species become gradually modified and adapted to their environment in more and more sophisticated ways.

Answer 12

evolution

Question 13

The entire sequence of nucleotides in an organism’s DNA.

Answer 13

Genome

Question 14

(true or false) Different cells express different genes.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

He examined a piece of cork and in 1665 reported to the Royal Society of London that the cork was composed of a mass of minute chambers.

Answer 15

Robert Hooke

Question 16

Who documented the results of a systematic investigation of plant and animal tissues with the light microscope, showing that cells were the universal building blocks of all living tissues?

Answer 16

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Question 16

All living cells are formed by the growth and division of existing cells—a principle
sometimes referred to as the ______.

Answer 16

cell theory

Question 17

A dense material often made of protein fibers embedded in a gel of long sugar chains.

Answer 17

an extracellular matrix

Question 18

Each cell is typically about _______ in diameter.

Answer 18

5–20 μm

Question 19

(true or false) All of the internal
structures of a cell can be seen with a
light microscope.

Answer 19

False - some

Question 20

Microscopes that use sophisticated methods of illumination and electronic image processing to see fluorescently labeled cell components in much finer detail.

Answer 20

fluorescence microscopes

Question 21

The most recent super-resolution fluorescence microscopes, for example, can
push the limits of resolution down even further, to about ______ (nm).

Answer 21

20 nanometers

Question 22

Microscopes that can reveal details down to a few nanometers. It has the highest magnification and best resolution.

Answer 22

electron microscope

Question 23

The type of electron microscope used to look at thin sections of tissue is known as

Answer 23

transmission electron microscope

Question 24

This instrument transmits a beam of electrons rather than a beam of light through the sample.

Answer 24

transmission electron microscope.

Question 25

Another type of electron microscope that scatters electrons off the surface of the sample and so is used to look at the surface detail of cells and other structures.

Answer 25

Scanning electron microscope

Question 26

Organisms whose cells have a nucleus are called ______.

Answer 26

eukaryotes

Question 27

Eukaryote - "eu" means _____ and "karyon" means _____.

Answer 27

eu - well or truly karyon - kernel or nucleus

Question 28

Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus are called ______.

Answer 28

prokaryotes

Question 29

prokaryotes - "pro" means ____.

Answer 29

before

Question 30

are typically spherical, rodlike, or corkscrew-shaped.

Answer 30

Prokaryotes

Question 31

The bacterium ______ has served as an important model organism.

Answer 31

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Question 32

(true or false) Some bacteria are photosynthetic.

Answer 32

true

Question 33

The World of Prokaryotes Is Divided into Two Domains:

Answer 33

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 34

(true or false) Yeasts are simple, free- living eukaryotes.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

usually the most prominent organelle in a eukaryotic cell

Answer 35

nucleus

Question 36

are present in essentially all eukaryotic cells, and they are among the most conspicuous organelles in the cytoplasm

Answer 36

mitochondria

Question 37

What kind of relationship is evident in which the host eukaryote and the engulfed bacterium helped each other to survive and reproduce?

Answer 37

symbiotic relationship

Question 38

are large, green organelles that are found in the cells of plants and algae, but not in the cells of animals or fungi.

Answer 38

Chloroplasts

Question 39

(true or false)

Answer 39

Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from engulfed bacteria.

Question 40

an irregular maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by a membrane

Answer 40

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 41

It is the site where most cell-membrane components, as well as materials destined for export from the cell, are made.

Answer 41

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 42

Stacks of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs constitute the ______.

Answer 42

Golgi apparatus

Question 43

are small, irregularly shaped organelles in which intracellular digestion occurs, releasing nutrients from ingested food particles into the cytosol and break down unwanted molecules for either recycling within the cell or excretion from the cell.

Answer 43

lysosomes

Question 44

are small, membrane-enclosed vesicles that provide a sequestered environment for a variety of reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is used to inactivate toxic molecules.

Answer 44

peroxisomes

Question 45

Animal cells can engulf very large particles, or even entire foreign cells, by ______.

Answer 45

endocytosis

Question 46

In the reverse process, called _______, vesicles from inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the external medium.

Answer 46

exocytosis

Question 47

the part of the cytoplasm that is not contained within intracellular membranes.

Answer 47

cytosol

Question 48

(true or false) Eukaryotic cells engage in continual endocytosis and exocytosis across their plasma membrane.

Answer 48

true

Question 49

(true or false) The cytosol is uncrowded.

Answer 49

false - extremely crowded

Question 50

(true or false) In a multicellular organism, there is no division of labor among cells.

Answer 50

false - there is division

Question 51

(true or false) Only living cells can self replicate.

Answer 51

true

Question 52

(true or false) Viruses have the ability to reproduce by their own efforts.

Answer 52

false - do not have the ability

Question 53

All living things have apparently evolved from the same ______.

Answer 53

ancestral cell

Question 54

______ are mistakes in the DNA that change the genetic plan from that of the previous generation.

Answer 54

Mutations

Question 55

It is estimated that cells existed between ______.

Answer 55

3.5 — 3.8 billion years ago.

Question 56

(mm) visible with unaided eye.

Answer 56

0.2 mm

Question 57

light microscope

Answer 57

200 nm

Question 58

super-resolution fluorescence microscope

Answer 58

20 nm

Question 59

electron microscope

Answer 59

0.2 nm

Question 60

A specialized type of fluorescence microscope that builds up an image by scanning the specimen with a laser beam.

Answer 60

confocal fluorescence microscope

Question 61

generators of chemical energy for the cell.

Answer 61

mitochondria

Question 62

the basic chemical fuel that powers most of the cell's activities.

Answer 62

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

Question 63

process of consuming oxygen and releasing CO2.

Answer 63

cell respiration

Question 64

ferry materials berween one membrane-closed organelle and another.

Answer 64

transport vesicles

Question 65

The cytoskeleton is composed of three major filament types:

Answer 65

actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

Question 66

eukaryotic cells are typically ___ times the length and ____ times the volume of prokaryotic cells.

Answer 66

10 x length 1000 x volume

Question 67

a class of free-living, motile, unicellular organisms

Answer 67

protozoans

Question 68

the acquisition of mitochondria by the engulfment of ______.

Answer 68

aerobic bacteria

Question 69

the acquisition of chloroplasts by the engulfment of _____.

Answer 69

photosynthetic bacteria

Question 70

(functions) carry out the final oxidation of food molecules and produce ATP.

Answer 70

mitochondria

Question 71

(function) synthesize complex molecules for export from the cell and for insertion in cell membranes

Answer 71

endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

Question 72

(function) digest large molecules

Answer 72

lysosomes

Question 73

a highly concentrated mixture of large and small molecules that carry out many essential biochemical processes

Answer 73

cytosol

Question 74

composed of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and are responsible for cell shape and movement and for the transport of organelles and large molecular complexes drom one intracellular location to another.

Answer 74

cytoskeleton

Question 75

model organisms:

Answer 75

Escherichia Coli (bacterium) Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (brewer's yeast) Arabidopsis (plant) Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly) Caenorhabditis (nematode) Fish Mouse Human

Question 76

The human genome has about _____ coding genes.

Answer 76

19,000