Chapter 1: CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
Organization, structure and function of the cell Cell reproduction Cell transport (101 cards)
1
Q
About 60% of the body consists of?
A
fluid
2
Q
Most fluid is inside the cells
known as milleu interior)
A
internal environment
3
Q
1/3 found in spaces outside the cells
A
extracellular fluid
4
Q
Where ions and nutrients needed are found
A
extracellular fluid
5
Q
Extracellular fluid are compose of
A
sodium
chloride
bicarbonated ions
calcium
6
Q
Intracellular fluid are compose of
A
Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate ions
Sulfate
Organic ions
7
Q
Cell has two major parts
A
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
8
Q
Collective term for the substances that make up the cell
A
Protoplasm
9
Q
Principal fluid medium of the cell. Found in most cells and is about 70- 85% concentration.
Most abundant
A
Water
10
Q
Provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reaction.
A
Ions
11
Q
Has two (2) types: structural (fibrillar) and functional (cell enzyme). It makes up 10-20% of cellular mass
2nd most abundant
A
Protiens
12
Q
cytoskeleton of cellular components
A
Structural protiens
13
Q
to form microtubules that provide “cytoskeleton” of such cellular organelles
A
Intracellular filaments
14
Q
found in collagen and elastin fiber, blood vessels walls, tendons, ligaments, and etc.
A
Extracellular filaments
15
Q
Carry substances inside the cell
Mainly the enzymes of the cell, often mobilein the cell fluid
A
Funciotnal Proteins
16
Q
Fat soluble. It is used as barrier for membranes and for energy
A
Lipids
17
Q
Used for cell nutrition and energy.
A
Carbohydrates
18
Q
Envelops the cell and is a thin, pliable, elastic structure, composed almost entirely of proteins and lipids
A
Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane
19
Q
provides as barrier for movement of water and water- soluble substances
A
Lipid Bilayer/ Lipid Layer
20
Q
provide specialized pathways or serve as enzyme that catalyze chemical reaction
A
Protein molecules
21
Q
three (3) main types of lipids
A
Phospholipids → most abundant
Sphingolipids → functions for protection, signal transmission and as adhesion sites
Cholesterol → controls much of the
fluidity of the membrane
22
Q
It has a hydrophilic head (phosphate end) and hydrophobic tail (fatty portion).
A
Lipid Bilayer
23
Q
Provides a channel (pores) for water molecules and water soluble molecules
A
Integral Proteins
24
Q
transport substances that can not penetrate the lipid bilayer
A
Carrier proteins
25
Receptors for water-soluble that can not easily penetrate the membrane.
Interaction with ligands activate either the intracellular component or proteins in the cytoplasm (second messengers).
Integral Protiens
26
Often attached to the integral proteins
Peripheral Proteins
27
Controls transport of substances
Peripheral Proteins
28
Loose carbohydrate coat
Cell Glycocalyx or Membrane Carbohydrates
29
Carbohydrate substances bound to small protein cores (proteoglycans) are loosely attached to the outer portions of the cell.
Cell Glycocalyx or Membrane Carbohydrates
30
Provides negative electrical charge
Allows attachment to other cells
Acts as receptor substances for binding hormones
Takes part in immune reaction
Cell Glycocalyx or Membrane Carbohydrates
31
It contains both minute and large-dispersed particles and organelles
Cytoplasm
32
the jelly-like fluid portion of the cytoplasm, contains mainly dissolved proteins, electrolytes and glucose.
Cytosol
33
It helps process molecules made by the cell and transports them into their specific destinations inside or outside the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
34
Watery medium inside the tubules and vesicles
Endoplasmic Matrix
35
It is also called as rough endoplasmic reticulum which contains ribosomes. It synthesizes protiens
Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum
36
Minute particle that are composed of a
combination of RNA and proteins
ribosomes
37
It is also called as smooth endoplasmic reticulum that does not contain ribosomes
It synthesize lipids and other processes of the cell promoted by intra-reticular enzyme.
Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulum
38
Composed of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus.
Glogi Appratus
39
Synthesizes certain carbohydrates that can not be formed in the ER such as hyalunoric acid and chondroitin sulfate.
Glogi Appratus
40
Formed by breaking off from the golgi apparatus.
Contains hydrolases that is used to split organic compounds
Lysosomes
41
Digest damaged cellular structures, food particles that are ingested by the cell and unwanted matter.
Lysosomes
42
Formed by self-replication. It catabolize long chain fatty acids
Peroxisomes
43
Storage vesicle for secretion of special chemical substances. It catabolozes long chain fatty acids
Secretory Vesicles
44
It is knows as the “powerhouse” of the cell.
Mitochondria
45
It is present in all areas of each cell’s cytoplasm, but its number varies in each cell.
Mitochondria
46
A network of fibrillary proteins organized into filaments or tubules.
CYTOSKELETON
47
Large number of actin filaments occur in the ectoplasm to form an elastic support
CYTOSKELETON
48
strong tubular structure that provides a rigid structure for certain cell parts
MICROTUBULES
49
Determines cell shape
Participate in cell division
Allows cell movement
Directs movement of organelles within the cell
Powerhouse of the cell
| Which is NOT true about microtubules?
Powerhouse of the cell
50
Control center of the cell that contains the DNA which contains the genes.
NUCLEUS
51
determine the characteristics of the cell’s proteins and controls cell reproduction
GENES
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Nuclear envelope. It contains two separate bilayer membranes, one inside the other. Penetrated by thousands of nuclear pores
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
53
continuous with the ER
OUTER MEMBRANE
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Does not have a limiting membrane and is a Highly straining structure. An accumulation of large amounts of RNA and proteins.
NUCLEOLI
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Process of cell ingestion
ENDOCYTOSIS
56
Ingestion of small particles in the ECF and cytoplasm
PINOCYTOSIS
57
cell drinking
PINOCYTOSIS
58
small pits outside the cell membrane
COATED PITS
59
Ingestion of large particles rather than molecules. Restricted to certain cells such as macrophages and some WBC
PHAGOCYTOSIS
60
cell eating
PHAGOCYTOSIS
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Process of excreting of non-digestible substances
EXOCYTOSIS
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Self-digestion due to severe cell damage
AUTOLYSIS
63
Self-eating
AUTOPHAGY
64
organelle degredation and recycling
AUTOPHAGY
65
**Energy currency of the cell**
When ATP releases energy, a phosphoric acid radical split away and becomes ADP
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
66
Human cell contains 1.__ chromosomes arranged in 2.__ pairs. What is it called? 3.__
1. 46
2. 23 pairs
3. CHROMOSOME REPLICATION
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duplicated but still attached chromosome
CHROMATIDS
68
Chromatds remain attached until mitosis at a point called ___?
CENTROMERE
69
small cylindrical body with tubular structures arranged in a cylinder that are replicated during interphase
CENTRIOLES
70
complex of microtubules extending between the two new centriole
Spindle
71
Centrioles → small cylindrical body with tubular structures arranged in a cylinder that are replicated during interphase
*
Shortly before mitosis is to take place, the two pairs of centrioles begin to move apart from each other
*
Other microtubules also grow away from each of the centriole pairs, forming a spiny star (aster) in each cell end
*
Spindle → complex of microtubules extending between the two new centriole
MITOTIC APPARATUS
72
Centrioles move towards the opposite **poles** & chromosomes are **paired**
While the spindle is forming the chromosomes of the nucleus become condensed and become visible
PROPHASE
73
Microtubules **attach** to chromosomes to chromosomes
Multiple microtubules attach to the chromatids then pull one of each pair toward one pole and its partner toward the opposite.
PROMETAPHASE
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chromosomes are aligned at the **middle**
The chromatids are pulled to the center lining up to form the equatorial plate
METAPHASE
75
chromosomes move **away** from each other.
Two chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart at the centromere forming tow separate sets of 46 daughter chromosomes
ANAPHASE
76
Where **cleavage furrow** appears (reapperance of nuclear envelope)
Two sets of daughter chromosomes are pushed completely apart. The mitotic apparatus dissolute and a new nuclear membrane develops around each set of chromosomes. The cell pinches in two, midway between the two nuclei
TELOPHASE
77
2 daugher cell appear
CYTOKINESIS
78
Some cells grow and reproduce all the time, others may not reproduce for years and some do not reproduce at all.
| TRUE or FALSE?
True
79
Regulation of cell size
Determined almost entirely by the amount of functioning DNA in the nucleus
80
Changes in physical and functional properties of cells as they proliferate to form the different bodily structures and organs
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
81
Protective caps that prevent deterioration of chromosomes during cell division
TELOMERES
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adds bases to the ends of the telomeres
TELOMARES
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programmed cell death, wherein the cell shrinks, condenses, disassembles and is digested by a phagocytic cell
APOPTOSIS
84
cell death through swelling and bursting caused by an acute injury
NECROSIS
85
**Have watery spaces** all the way through to allow free movement of water, as well as selected ions or molecules
CHANNEL PROTIENS
86
**Binds with molecules or ions** causing changes in the protein which move the substances through its interstices
CARRIER PROTEINS
87
**Molecular movement** of substances either through spaces in the membrane with a carrier protein or none.
DIFFUSION
88
Movement of molecules through spaces in the lipid bilayer or watery channels **(aquaporins)**
Does **not use** energy (ATP)
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
89
Makes use of carrier protein
Does **not make use** of energy (ATP)
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
90
Highly selective for transport of one or more specific ions or molecules
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
91
the gate or its chemical bonds responds to the electrical potential across the cell
VOLTAGE (ELECTRICAL) GATING
92
opened by the binding of a chemical substance with the protein
LIGAND (CHEMICAL) GATING
93
Results from the characteristics of the channel, such as its diameter, shape, the nature of the electrical charges and chemical bonds
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
94
Movement of molecules **against its concentration gradient**
It uses energy (ATP)
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
95
**Movement of water ** caused by a concentration difference of water through a semi-permeable membrane
OSMOSIS
96
High concentration of solutes at **ECF**
Cell **shrinks**
**HYPER**TONIC SOLUTION
97
High concentration of solutes at **ICF**
Cell **swells**
**HYPO**TONIC SOLUTION
98
derived from energy stored between 2 side of cell membrane
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
99
energy derived from breakdown of ATP
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
100
Simple pirt; Same Direction
Co-Transport
101
Anti-Port; Opposite Direction
Counter Transport
