Chapter 1: Charles's foreign policy (The Quest for political stability)

Question 1

what war did Charles inherit and why was it important

Answer 1

Charles’s inherited the Outbreak of the Thirty year’s War in 1618 which divided the continent

Question 1

who did James I try to forge a marriage between and why did this fail

Answer 1

• a marriage between his eldest son, Henry, and the daughter of the Spanish King
• promised prince died in 1612 from typhoid fever

Question 2

once Henry died, what marriage did James I try to organise

Answer 2

the new heir, Charles I and another Spanish princess, Infanta Maria Anna of Spain

Question 3

why did the marriage between Charles and Maria Anna of Spain fail

Answer 3

• protestant English parliament opposed this
• Palatinate, ruled by James’s son-in-law and daughter, was invaded by the Catholic state of Spain and Bavaria in 1621

Question 4

what was the result of Palatinate being invaded by the Catholic state of Spain and Bavaria

Answer 4

pressured England to react defensively

Question 5

who invaded Palatine and when

Answer 5

was invaded by the Catholic state of Spain and Bavaria in 1621

Question 6

What course of action did Parliament want to take in response to Palatine being invaded

Answer 6

• wanted James to abandon his attempts at organising the marriage between the Spanish princess and Charles
• wanted James to focus on aiding the protestant states of Europe

Question 7

what countries did Charles pursue wars with

Answer 7

France and Spain

Question 8

consequence of Charles’s pursuing wars

Answer 8

the costs (in terms of money and prestige) increased antagonism between Charles and parliament

Question 9

how much was spent on preparing the navy fleet for the first expedition to Spain

Answer 9

used £120,000 of the Queen’s dowry and spent £500,000 on preparing the navy

Question 10

why did the expedition to Cadiz fail

Answer 10

• due to soldiers coming across a village with vats of wine stored and drank it all
• a lack of Beer and Water led to sickness quickly spreading across the troops and so they had to retreat.

Question 11

consequences of the expedition to Cadiz

Answer 11

• humiliating
• the cost was enormous yet the expedition gained nothing
• heavy criticism of Duke Buckingham
• Affected wool exports and there was a very bad harvest in 1625, both aided to a sense of public unrest and criticism of the parliament

Question 12

long-term consequence of Cadiz

Answer 12

dissolving of parliament to save Buckingham from being impeached

Question 13

what did the dissolution of parliament result in

Answer 13

resulted in the forced loan 1626

Question 14

how much was Charles was committed to spending to support the Danish involvement in the war

Answer 14

£20,000 a month

Question 15

what was another expedition that had similar funds to the Danish involvement

Answer 15

the Mansfield expedition to the Palatine

Question 16

consequence of Charles’s alliance to France and his refusal to explain his position to parliament

Answer 16

increased tensions between Crown and parliament

Question 17

when did Charles decide to aid the Protestant stronghold of La Rochelle and why

Answer 17

1627, when his marriage to the Catholic French Princess, Henrietta Maria, deteriorated

Question 18

Why did La Rochelle fail

Answer 18

• Buckingham was inexperienced in military affairs
• didn’t receive adequate backing from England
• necessary supplies and reinforcements failed to arrive
• scalding ladders for capturing the citadel were too short

Question 19

Consequences of La Rochelle

Answer 19

• Increased Buckingham’s unpopularity
• Charles needed funds to continue with the war effort and so he released those that he imprisoned for refusing to pay the loan and had to recall another parliament

Question 20

why did people refuse to pay the loan

Answer 20

they refused to pay the loan because it was seen as attacking the fundamental right that taxation had to be agreed by parliament)