Chapter 1 Chem study guide Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
how closely a measurement aligns with a correct value
A
accuracy
2
Q
smallest particle of an element that can enter into a chemical combination
A
atom
3
Q
What is the freezing and boiling point of celcius?
A
unit of temperature; water freezes at 0 °C and boils at 100 °C on this scale
4
Q
change producing a different kind of matter from the original kind of matter
A
chemical change
5
Q
behavior that is related to the change of one kind of matter into another kind of matter
A
chemical property
6
Q
pure substance that can be decomposed into two or more elements
A
compound
7
Q
(also, factor-label method) versatile mathematical approach that can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex, multi-step calculations involving several different quantities
A
dimensional analysis
8
Q
substance that is composed of a single type of atom; a substance that cannot be decomposed by a chemical change
A
element
9
Q
number derived by counting or by definition
A
exact number
10
Q
property of a substance that depends on the amount of the substance
A
extensive
11
Q
state in which matter has neither definite volume nor shape
A
gas
12
Q
combination of substances with a composition that varies from point to point
A
heterogeneous mixture
13
Q
(also, solution) combination of substances with a composition that is uniform throughout
A
homogeneous mixture
14
Q
tentative explanation of observations that acts as a guide for gathering and checking information
A
hypothesis
15
Q
property of a substance that is independent of the amount of the substance
A
intensive property
16
Q
statement that summarizes a vast number of experimental observations, and describes or predicts some aspect of the natural world
A
law
17
Q
when matter converts from one type to another or changes form, there is no detectable change in the total amount of matter present
A
law of conservation of matter
18
Q
realm of everyday things that are large enough to sense directly by human sight and touch
A
macroscopic domain
19
Q
fundamental property indicating amount of matter
A
mass
20
Q
anything that occupies space and has mass
A
matter
21
Q
realm of things that are much too small to be sensed directly
A
microscopic domain
22
Q
matter that can be separated into its components by physical means
A
mixture
23
Q
bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same or different elements
A
molecule
24
Q
change in the state or properties of matter that does not involve a change in its chemical composition
A
physical change
25
how closely a measurement matches the same measurement when repeated
precision
26
state of matter that is rigid, has a definite shape, and has a fairly constant volume
solid
27
specialized language used to represent components of the macroscopic and microscopic domains, such as chemical symbols, chemical formulas, chemical equations, graphs, drawings, and calculations
symbolic domain
28
intensive property representing the hotness or coldness of matter
temperature
29
well-substantiated, comprehensive, testable explanation of a particular aspect of nature
theory
30
True or false; mass is the same on earth and moon weight is different
true
31
10^3
kilo
32
1000g is how many kilograms
1
33
10^-2
centi
34
0.01 grams is how many centigrams
1
35
10^-3
milli
36
10^6
mega
37
True or false: when recording measurments you are allowed to estimate one uncertain digit
true
38
Do exact numbers change the number of sig figs
no
39
equation for volume
v=m/d
40
equation for density
d=m/v
41
equation for mass
m=d(v)
42
What is the equation of an irregular solid?
mass of rebar/ (final volume-initial volume)= mL
43
Boiling point of Celcius
100 degrees
44
boiling of farenhiet
212 degrees
45
who developed a postulate that said elements consist of only one type of atom
dalton
46
who said that all atoms of the same element are identical; different elements have different types of atom.
dalton
47
who said that atoms are neither created nor destroyed, they just rearrange to make different type of matter?
dalton
48
Who determined charge-to-mass ratio?
Thompson
49
Who proposed cathode rays, which were a stream of negativley charged particles?
thompson
50
which model showed that atoms consited of positvley charged mass with negatively charged electrons embedded in that mass?
the plum pudding model
51
Who determined the charge on a single electron by examining the motion of oil droplets?
R.A. milkan
52
which experiment lead to discovering the charge of an electron
the oil drop experiement
53
Who discovered x-rays
Wilhem rontgen
54
True or false: x rays were not deflected by magnetic fields or electric fields so they could not consist of charged particles
true
55
Rays that consist of positively charged particles
alpha
56
Who discovered radioactivity
Antoine Henri Becqueri
57
Rays that consist of negatively charged particles so they are deflected from negatively charged plate
beta rays
58
Rays that have no charge and are unaffected by external electric or magnetic fields.
gamma rays
59
who discovered the atomic nucleus
rutherford
60
Who discovered that the atomic nucleus was positively charged?
ruthorford
61
In what experiment were alpha particles were fired at golf foil, some were reflected and some passed through.
rutherford's gold scattering experiment
62
What did the gold scattering experiment lead to ?
The discovery that atom is mostly empty space and that the nucleus is a small positively charged center of the atom
63
what is the formula for speed
speed = distance/ time
64
what is the formula for time
time = distance/ speed
65
what is the formula for distance
distance = time * speed
66
A canister of breathing air contains what?
| air is made up of 99% oxygen and nitrogen
a mixture of mostly elements
67
A 2.0 liter volume of hydrogen gas combined with 1.0 liter of oxygen gass to produce 2.0 liters of water vapor. Does oxygen undergo a chemical or physical change?
chemical change; because the substance was not the same as the start
68
which of the following properties are intensive?
* volume
* temperature
* humidity
* heat
* boiling point
temperature and boiling point are intensive
69
What is 711.0 as scientific notation
7.110 x 10^2
70
What is 6282 times 342 to the correct number of sig figs if each is a measured value?
2,150,000
71
what is 140+17.68+0.014 to the correct number of sig figs if each is a measured value?
160
72
What is the volume of a 3.28g gaseous hydrogen that has a density of 0.0890 g/L
36.9 liters
73
what states that no change of mass in an ordinary chemical reaction occurs
| l
law of conservation of matter
74
matter can neither be created nor destoryed
law of conservation of matter
75
states that all samples of a pure compound always contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass.
Law of definite proportions or constant composition
76
States that in situations where 2 elements form more thatn one compound a fixed mass of one element will react with mases of the otehr element in a ration of small, whole number.
| 2 elements combine in different ratios to give you completley different
law of multiple proportions
77
What accounts for most of atoms mass but very little of its volume?
nucleus
78
Is a protons mass greater or less than electron mass
greater, 1800 times greater
79
Are neutrons larger or smaller than protosn
slightly larger
80
who discoverd neutrons
james chadwick
81
what accounts for most of the atoms volume?
electron cloud
82
What determines charge of an atom?
protons + electrons = atomic charge
83
what determines the mass of an atom?
protons + neutrons
84
the number of protons in the nuclues
atomic number
85
what determines the identity of an element
protons
86
the total number of protons and neutrons
mass number
87
what has the same atomic number but different mass numbers?
isotopes
88
true or false: most elements have 2 or more isotopes
true
89
What is the nuclear charge?
charge of protons
90
An atom that does not have the same number of protons and electrons
ion
91
is an ion a charged particle .
yes
92
positively charged atom that looses electrons
cation
93
negatively charged atom that gains electrons
anion
94
how do you find the number of neutrons in an element
the mass number - atomic number
95
95
the mass of an atom (amu)
atomic mass
95
96
How to find the percent of an isotope in an equation?
(x)(amu) + (1.00 - x)(amu 2)
97
what is the representation of a molecule and indicates the actual number of atoms in a molecule or compoud?
molecular formula
98
what shows the same information as molecular formula by also shows how atoms are connected?
structural formula
99
what indicated the simplest whole number ratio of the number of atoms in a compound?
| NH2
empirical formula
100
the amount of substance that contains atoms or molecules
mole
101
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula?
isomers
102
Why was the mole created
to help convert grams to amu
103
mass in grams of one mole of the substance
molar mass
104
what is the label for molar mass
g/mole
105
amu is also equivalent to what?
molar mass or amu
106
What is the equation for converting grams and moles
grams = (grams per mole) / number of moles (always one)
107
A college claims that compounds X an Y are the same compound. Compound X is found to have 1.776 g of C and 0.148 g of H. Compound Y has 1.974 g of C and 0.329 g of H. Are they the same compound?
* Yes
* There is not enough info
* No, they violate the law of constant composition
* No, they violate the law of variable proportions
No, they violate constant compositon because they don't contain the same proportions of the same elements.
108
How many protons are in Oxygen-17
8 because there are 8 protons in oxygen
109
What is the mass of 6.00 cm3 of mercury, density = 13.5939 g/cm3?
81.6 g
110
Solve these problems about lumber dimensions.
(a) To describe to a European how houses are constructed in the US, the dimensions of “two-by-four” lumber must be converted into metric units. The thickness × width × length dimensions are 1.50 in. × 3.50 in. × 8.00 ft in the US. What are the dimensions in cm × cm × m?
3.81 cm × 8.89 cm ×
2.44 m;
111
As an instructor is preparing for an experiment, he requires 225 g phosphoric acid. The only container readily available is a 150-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Is it large enough to contain the acid, whose density is 1.83 g/mL?
Yes, the acid’s volume is 123 mL.
112
Which of the following activities is not a part of good science?
* - Making quantitative observations
* - Developing a hypothesis
* - Proposing a theory
* - Indulging in speculation
* - Designing experiments
indulging in speculation
113
Which of the following cannot be separated into a simpler substance by chemical means?
Element
Heterogeneous mixture
Emulsion
Homogeneous mixture
Compound
Element
114
Which of the following is an extensive property of oxygen?
* Boiling point
* Density
* Temperature
* Mass
* Average kinetic energy of molecules
Mass
115
What is the SI Unit for mass?
Kg
116
50.0 grams of acetic acid are required for an experiment. What volume, in milliliters, of a 1.105 g/cm3 acetic acid solution must be measured for the experiment?
45.2mL
117
Radio waves travel at the speed of light which is 3.00 × 108
m/s. How many kilometers will radio messages to outer space travel in exactly one year? (365.24 days = 1 y)
9.47 × 10^12 km
118
How many micrograms are in 65.3 kg?
| answer in scientific notation
6.53 × 1010 μg
119
Isopropyl alcohol, commonly known as rubbing alcohol, boils at 82.4°C. What is the boiling point in kelvins?
355.6 K
120
Which of the following does not have a uniform composition throughout?
Heterogeneous mixture
Element
Compound
Homogeneous mixture
Heterogeneous mixture
121
Which of the following is a chemical change?
Boiling of water
Melting wax
Condensing water vapor into rainfall
Carving a piece of wood
Broiling a steak on a grill
broiling steak on a grill
122
The city of Los Angeles is now approximately 2400 miles south of Alaska. It is moving slowly northward as the San Andreas fault slides along. If Los Angeles is to arrive near Anchorage, Alaska, in 76 million years, at what average rate will it have to move in mm per month? (1 mi = 1609 m)
4.2 mm/mo
123
Which of the following speeds is the greatest? (1 mi = 1609 m)
Incorrect answer:
* 40 km/h
* 40 mi/h
* 400 m/min
* 0.74 km/min
* 2.0 × 105 mm/min
40 mi/h
124
Which of the following is an example of an observation?
Three samples of wax are heated to 75°C.
Will all waxes melt at the same temperature?
Gases expand as their temperature increases because the gas molecules are moving more rapidly.
The force acting on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration.
Paraffin wax begins to melt at 57°C.
Paraffin wax begins to melt at 57°C.
125
You prepare 1000. mL of tea and transfer it to a 1.00 quart pitcher for storage. Which of the following statements is true? (1 L = 1.0567 qt)**
The pitcher will be filled to about 50% of its capacity.
The pitcher will be filled to 100% of its capacity with no tea spilled.
The pitcher will be completely filled and a small amount of tea will overflow.
The pitcher will be filled to about 95% of its capacity.
The pitcher will be completely filled and most of the tea will overflow.
*
The pitcher will be completely filled and a small amount of tea will overflow.
126
The average distance between the Earth and the Moon is 240,000 miles. Express this distance
in meters. (1 mi = 1609 m)
3.9 × 108 m
127
A large pizza has a diameter of 15 inches. Express this diameter in centimeters. (1 in = 2.54 cm)
38 cm
128
Which one of the following is a “substance” in the sense of the word as used in your textbook?
Toothpaste
Air
Water
Sea water
Tap water
WATER
129
If you have a graduated cylinder containing 15.5 mL and this volume changes to 95.2 mL after a metal with a mass of 7.95 g is dropped into the graduated cylinder then what is the density of this metal?
9.97 × 10^–2 g/mL
130
Talc is a mineral that has low conductivity for heat and electricity and that is not attacked by acid. It is used in talcum powder and face powder. A sample of talc weighs 35.97 g in air and 13.65 g in mineral oil (d = 1.75 g/cm3 ). What is the density of talc?
4.61 g/cm3
131
Rutherford’s experiment with alpha particle scattering by gold foil established that
protons are not evenly distributed throughout an atom.
132
Which of these scientists developed the nuclear model of the atom?
Ernest Rutherford
133
Which of the following is a type of radioactive radiation that consists of positively charged particles and is deflected away from the positively charged plate?
α rays ( alpha)
134
Rutherford bombarded gold foil with alpha (α) particles and found that a small percentage of the particles were deflected. Which of the following was not accounted for by the model he proposed for the structure of atoms?
total mass of the atom
135
What is the name used to represent the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element and is equal to the number of electrons outside the nucleus?
atomic number
136
Which one of the following statements about atoms and subatomic particles is correct?
The proton and the neutron have identical masses.
Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus by bombarding gold foil with electrons
The neutron’s mass is equal to that of a proton plus an electron.
An atomic nucleus contains equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
A neutral atom contains equal numbers of protons and electrons.
A neutral atom contains equal numbers of protons and electrons.
137
Calcium fluoride, CaF2, is a source of fluorine and is used to fluoridate drinking water. Calculate its formula mass.
78.08 g/mol
138
how do you find moles?
moles = grams/ g per mole
139
Which of the following is a type of radioactive radiation that consists of electrons and is deflected away from the negatively charged plate?
β rays (beta)
140
When J. J. Thomson discovered the electron, what physical property of the electron did he measure?
charge to mass ratio
141
What is the percent sodium in sodium carbonate?
43.4%
142
how to find percent of element in a compound?
mass percent = (total mass of compound / total element mass ) x 100
143
Rutherford’s experiment with alpha particle scattering by gold foil established what about protons?
protons are not evenly distrubted through atom
144
As the number of protons increases, stable nuclei will
have an increased ratio of neutrons to protons.
145
Two isotopes of an element differ only in their
atomic mass
146
Aluminum oxide, Al2O3, is used as a filler for paints and varnishes as well as in the manufacture of electrical insulators. Calculate the number of moles in 47.51 g of Al2O3.
0.4660 mol
147
How many grams are present in 0.885 moles of manganese?
48.6 g
148
Calculate the mass of 3.00 moles of CF2Cl2
363 g
149
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Which field of study made a big contribution toward understanding the composition of the atom?
radiation
150
Which of the following is a type of radioactive radiation which has no charge and are unaffected by external electric or magnetic fields?
γ rays (gamma)
151
What is the average mass, in grams, of one atom of iron (NA = 6.022 × 10^23 mol–1)?
9.27 × 10^–23 g
