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Psychopharmacology > Chapter 1: chemical neurotransmission > Flashcards

Chapter 1: chemical neurotransmission Flashcards

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1
Q

axodendritic synapse

A

signals from the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another

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2
Q

axosomatic synapse

A

signal sent from the axon of one neuron to the soma of another

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3
Q

axoaxonic synapse

A

signal from the axon of one neuron to the axon of another

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4
Q

anterograde communication

A

trasmission of thesignal fromthe axon of one neuron to the axon, dendrite, or soma of the next neuron

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5
Q

neurons

A

cells of chemical communcation in the brain

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6
Q

chemically addressed nervous system

A

how signals are coded, decoded, transduced, and sent along the way

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7
Q

neurotransmitters

A

serotonin
norepinephrine
dopamine
acetylcholine
glutamate
GABA
b-endorphin (body’s morphine)
endocannabinoids (body’s pot

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8
Q

what is involved in neuron input

A

can involve many different neurotransmitters coming from many different neuronal circuits

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9
Q

types of neurotransmission

A

classic, retrograde, volume

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10
Q

classic neurotransmission

A

electrical impulses are sent through neuron until it is changed to chemical signal. then chemical messenger is hurled from one neuron to the next where it is either converted back to an electrical impulse or triggers a cascade of chemical messages to change the neurons molecular and genetic functioning

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11
Q

excitation-secretion coupling

A

process of converting the electrical impulse in a neuron to the chemical signal at the synapse between neurons

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12
Q

retrograde neurotransmission

A

when postsynaptic neuron talks back to presynaptic neuron

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13
Q

chemical produced specifically as retrograde neurotransmitters at some synapses

A

endocannabinoids (EC)
nitric oxide (NO)
nerve growth factor (NGF)

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14
Q

retrograde neurotransmission of endocannabinoids (EC)

A

interacts with CB1 (cannabinoid receptor 1) in presynaptic neuron

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15
Q

retrograde neurotransmission of nitric acid

A

interacts with cGMP in presynaptic neuron

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16
Q

retrograde neurotransmission of nerve growth factor (NGF)

A

taken up in presynaptic neuron vesicles to travel back to cell nucleus to interact with the genome there

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17
Q

volume neurotransmission

A

do not require synapses

when chemical messengers are sent into the synapse they may spill over to distant sites with compatible receptors through diffusion

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18
Q

excitation-secretion coupling

A

process of electrical impulse being converted to chemical signal

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19
Q

basic description of excitation-secretion coupling

A

electrical impulse enters axon terminal of presynaptic neuron and stimulates release of chemical neurotransmitter

electrical impulse opens ion channel by changing charge across the neuronal membrane

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20
Q

How does a VSSC work

A

sodium flows into the presynaptic nerve through the axonal membrane causing the electrical charge there to move along the axon to the presynaptic nerve terminal where it opens up calcium channels

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21
Q

How does a VSCC work

A

after receiving signal from VSSC, calcium flows into the presynaptic nerve terminal causing the synaptic vesicles to spill their chemical contents into the synapse

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22
Q

what makes it possible for the genome of one neuron to communicate with the genome of another

A

signal transduction cascades

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23
Q

basic description of signal transduction cascades

A

A first messenger neurotransmitter activates the production of a second chemical messenger that then activates a third messenger enzyme (known as a kinase) that adds phosphate groups to a fourth messenger protein to create phosphoproteins

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24
Q

what are the two main targets of signal transduction

A

phosphoproteins and genes

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25
how is signal transduction reversed for retrograde communication between neurons
The first messenger neurotransmitter opens an ion channel that allows calcium to enter the neuron and act as the second messenger which then activates a third messenger (enzyme known as a phosphatase) which removes the phosphate groups from the fourth messenger phosphoproteins and thus reverses the action of the third messenger
26
what is determined by the balance of kinase and phosphatase in signal transduction cascades
the degree of chemical activity that gets translated into the active fourth messenger
27
what does the active fourth messenger trigger
diverse biological responses such as gene expression and synaptogenesis
28
what are the four signal transduction cascades
g-protein linked systems ion-channel linked systems hormone linked systems neurotrophins
29
how is a second messenger formed in g-protein linked signal transduction cascade
neurotransmitter (first messenger) binds to receptor site to change it so it can bind with the G protein. Once G protein is bound it changes shape so it can bind to an enzyme that can synthesize the second messenger
30
what is the second messenger in G-protein linked signal transduction cascades
a chemical
31
what is the second messenger in ion-channel linked signal transduction cascades
an ion (like calcium or sodium)
32
how is the second messenger formed in hormone-linked signal transduction cascades
hormone binds to its receptor in the cytoplasm to form a hormone-nuclear receptor complex
33
how is the second messenger formed in neurotrophin signal transduction cascades
there is a complex set of various second messengers that trigger each other
34
structure of inactive protein kinase exist
a dimer made of 2 copies of the enzyme protein kinase, each with a regulatory unit
35
how does inactive protein kinase become an active third messenger
2 copies of the second messenger cAMP cause the regulatory unit to detach from each inactive enzyme in the dimer. Once the regulatory units detach the enzymes split apart and are now active 3rd messengers
36
what is phosphorylation and how does it happen
active third messenger kinases shoot phosphate groups into proteins to create 4th messenger phosphoproteins
37
how is active third messenger protein phosphatase synthesized
neurotransmitter (1st messenger) opens ion channel that allows calcium (second messenger) to enter and activate third messenger protein phosphatase
38
what is dephosphorylation
when third messenger protein phosphatase rips phosphate groups off of phosphoproteins
39
how are phosphoproteins activates
some by phosphorylation (uses kinase) some by dephosphorylation (uses phosphatase)
40
what are the things that activation of phosphoproteins can do
change the synthesis of neurotransmitters alter neurotransmitter release change the conductance of ions maintain chemical neurotransmission apparatus in a state or dormancy
41
what is the ultimate cellular function of neurotransmission
to turn a gene on or off (all 4 signal transduction pathways end with this goal)
42
what is the difference between a signal transduction cascade and a signal transduction pathway
there are 4 cascades that end with generation of a phosphoprotein. there are 2 pathways from the third messenger to the fourth messenger in the signal transduction cascade
43
which 2 signal transduction cascades are triggered by neurotransmitters
G-protein linked receptor cascades Ion channel linked receptor cascades
44
what system do the 2 neurotransmitter signal transduction cascades act on
CREB system (responds to protein phosphorylation)
45
how do g-protein linked receptors act on CREB
the g-protein linked receptor activates protein kinase A THEN the activated receptor goes into the cell nucleus to stick a phosphate group to CREB THEN this activates the transcription factor that causes nearby genes to be expressed
46
how do ion channel linked receptors act on CREB
they enhance intracellular calcium (second messeger) levels which interact with calmodulin protein to activate certain kinases THEN these kinases translocate into the cell nucleus to add a phosphate group to CREB
47
what can activate both kinases and phosphatases
calcium
48
how does hormone signal transduction cascade target genes
hormones bind cytoplasmic receptors to produce a hormone-nuclear receptor complex that can translocate into the cell nucleus THEN the complex finds elements in the gene it can influence (HREs) THEN it acts as a transcription factor to trigger activation of genes
49
how do neurotrophin cascades trigger gene expression
first messengers (neurotrophins) activate one kinase after another until one finally phosphorylates a transcription factor in the nucleus to start transcribing genes
50
how does neurotransmission trigger gene expression
chemical info message is passed along "pony express" from molecular rider to molecular rider until it reaches the right phosphoprotein mailbox in the postsynaptic neuron
51
how much DNA is occupied by genes
only a few %
52
2 regions of a gene
regulating region encoding region
53
regulating region of genes
transcription factor is activated by phosphorylation of protein kinase THEN the activated transcription factor can bind to the regulatory region of the gene THEN RNA polymerase is activated
54
coding region of gene
enzyme RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into its mRNA THEN mRNA translates itself into the corresponding protein that will activate the gene
55
what does an early immediate gene do
functions as a rapid responder to neurotransmitter input
56
cJun and cFos
nuclear proteins (leucine zippers) team up to form the zipper transcription factor that activates later onset genes
57
what happens when the product of two early genes is a transcription factor (like with leucine zippers)
it returns to the genome to activate late genes
58
what are the products of late genes
any protein the neuron needs: enzyme transporter factors growth factors
59
what determines which late genes get activated
which neurotransmitter is sending the message how frequently it sends the message whether it is working with/against other neurotransmitters that are talking to other parts of the same neuron at the same time
60
what is epigenetics
system that determines whether or not a gene is actually made into its RNA and protein or if it is ignored
61
how are genes turned on/off
by modifying the structure of chromatin in the cell nucleus
62
what determines the character of a cell
its chromatin
63
structure of chromatin
8 histones that DNA are wrapped around (nucleosome)
64
what does chromatin have to do with genes
its structure determines whether a gene is expressed or silenced
65
chemical modifications that can modify the structure of chromatin
methylation acetylation phosphorylation
66
what regulates acetylation and methylation of chromatin
neurotransmission drugs environment

Psychopharmacology (13 decks)

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