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PSYC 2290 > Chapter 1 Child Development: Theories and Themes > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Child Development: Theories and Themes Flashcards

1
Q

What did English philosopher John Locke claim about infants nearly 400 years ago?

A

That the human infant is born tabula rasa

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2
Q

What is tabula rasa?

A

Blank slate, meaning belief that experience moulds a person into a unique individual

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3
Q

Locke’s view was challenged by which French philosopher?

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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4
Q

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe about newborns?

A

That they’re endowed with an innate sense of justice and morality that unfolds naturally as children grow.

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5
Q

In child development, what is theory?

A

an organized set of ideas designed to explain (behaviour) and make predictions about development

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6
Q

Theories are also a source of predictions that can be tested how?

A

Through research

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7
Q

What are the 5 major theoretical perspectives in child development research?

A

Biological, Psychodynamic, Learning, Cognitive-Developmental and Contextual

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8
Q

Why was James Mark Baldwin’s appointment largely controversial?

A

Because he was a “materialist”

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9
Q

What is a “materialist”?

A

someone interested in studying the mind empirically (experientially) and not philosophically

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10
Q

What did Baldwin set up?

A

the very first psych lab in Canada and first in the British empire

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11
Q

What did Baldwin strongly believe about theory?

A

that theory must guide experimentation - theory should come first

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12
Q

From a now social-psychological perspective, what did Baldwin insist?

A

that children’s development occurs in stages

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13
Q

Who later advanced the idea that children’s development occurs in stages?

A

Jean Piaget

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14
Q

Baldwin believed that development proceeded from what?

A

simple behavioural movements gradually coordinated into more complex behaviours and leading to adult forms of abstract thought

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15
Q

What does Canada have a strong history of?

A

research in child development

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16
Q

According to the biological perspective, what proceeds according to a biological plan?

A

cognitive, personality, physical and motor development

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17
Q

Who was the earliest researcher to empirically study and describe children’s development?

A

G. Stanley Hall (1846 - 1924)

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18
Q

What was G. Stanley Hall’s goal?

A

to restructure the the study of psychology to include the study of children

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19
Q

What did G. Stanley Hall base his work on?

A

evolutionary biology rather than the physical sciences

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20
Q

Charles Darwin published which theory?

A

Theory of evolution

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21
Q

What was the most important concept that Darwin’s Theory of Evolution outlined?

A

Natural Selection

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22
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

an ongoing process in nature that results in survival of those organisms that are best adapted to their environments

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23
Q

What was one of the first biological theories proposed by Arnold Gesell (1880 - 1961) ?

A

a theory that views development as unfolding according to a specific and pre-arranged scheme or plan within the body

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24
Q

To Gesell, what matters little when it comes to development?

A

Experience

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25
Q

What kind of perspective do ethological theorists view development from?

A

an evolutionary perspective

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26
Q

What does ethological theory suggest?

A

views development from an evolutionary perspective, such that human behaviours can be adaptive and have survival value

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27
Q

While ethological theorists assume that people inherit many adaptive behaviours, what do they also believe?

A

that experience is important for development

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28
Q

What is a critical period?

A

the time in development when a specific type of learning best takes place

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29
Q

Before or after the critical period, what is difficult or impossible?

A

the same learning

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30
Q

What did Konrad Lorenz notice?

A

that newly hatched chicks follow their mother

31
Q

What did Lorenz theorize?

A

that chicks are biologically programmed to follow the first moving object they see after hatching

32
Q

What is imprinting?

A

the instinctive creation of an emotional bond between a newborn animal and the animal’s mother

33
Q

What is attachment?

A

the emotional bond that forms between people, particularly children and their parents; an enduring social-emotional relationship

34
Q

For adaptive behaviours, even though the underlying mechanism is biological, what is also essential?

A

experience is essential for triggering programmed, adaptive behaviours

35
Q

Biological theorists remind us that children’s genes, the product of a long evolutionary history, influence what?

A

virtually every aspect of children’s development

36
Q

The psychodynamic perspective comes from whose work?

A

Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)

37
Q

What did Freud specialize in?

A

diseases of the nervous system

38
Q

Many of Freud’s patients were adults suffering from conditions with no obvious biological cause, and he theorized what in response?

A

that early experiences establish enduring, lifelong patterns

39
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

a psychological theory and method proposing that development is largely determined by how well people resolve unconscious conflicts that arise during development

40
Q

What has Freud’s original theory been highly criticized for?

A

its limited base of initial research and controversial claims about women

41
Q

Which of Freud’s ideas have been influential in developmental research?

A

his ideas about personality and psychosexual development

42
Q

Freud proposed that personality includes which 3 primary theoretical components that emerge at distinct periods of development?

A

id, ego and superego

43
Q

What is the id?

A

a reservoir of primary instincts and drives

44
Q

The id is present at birth and presses for what?

A

immediate gratification of bodily needs and wants

45
Q

What is the ego?

A

the practical, rational component of personality

46
Q

When does the ego begin to emerge?

A

during the first year of life, as infants learn that they can’t always have what they want

47
Q

The ego tries to resolve conflicts that occur and meet the id’s desires with what?

A

realistic and socially acceptable objects and actions

48
Q

What is the superego?

A

the “moral agent” in the child’s personality - the conscience

49
Q

When does the superego emerge?

A

during the preschool years as children begin to internalize adult standards of right and wrong

50
Q

Freud believed that humans, through a force called libido, are instinctively motivated from birth to do what?

A

experience physical pleasure

51
Q

As children grow, libido shifts to different parts of the body, termed what?

A

“erogenous zones”

52
Q

Freud proposed several developmental stages, each characterized by what?

A

gratification of needs associated with an erogenous zone

53
Q

What is the task associated with the oral stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

erogenous zone: mouth; gratify oral sucking urges (birth to 1 year)

54
Q

What is the task associated with the oral stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

erogenous zone: mouth; gratify oral sucking urges (birth to 1 year)

55
Q

What is the task associated with the anal stage of Freud’s psychosexual development?

A

erogenous zone: anus; release and withhold feces (1 to 3 years)

56
Q

What is the task associated with the phallic stage of psychosexual development?

A

erogenous zone: genitalia; learn to suppress attraction to the parent of the opposite sex and identify with the parent of the same sex (3 to 6 years)

57
Q

What is the task associated with the latency stage of psychosexual development?

A

erogenous zone: none, libido is repressed as children go about daily business (6 years to adolescence)

58
Q

What is the task associated with the genital stage of psychosexual development?

A

erogenous zone: genitalia; attraction to the opposite sex (not the parent) (adolescence)

59
Q

Freud believed that development proceeds best when what?

A

children’s needs at each stage are met but not exceeded

60
Q

According to Freud, what 2 things happen if children’s needs are not met adequately?

A
  • children become frustrated and find moving on to more mature forms of pleasure difficult
  • they become developmentally fixated at a certain stage
61
Q

According to Freud, if children are overindulged at one stage, what happens?

A

they see little need to progress to more advanced stages

62
Q

In Freud’s view, parents have the difficult task of what?

A

satisfying children’s needs without spoiling them

63
Q

While modern psychoanalytic theorists understand that heredity and environment both influence children, they also recognize that what shapes children’s adjustment and development?

A

environmental reactions

64
Q

What are environmental reactions? What do they shape?

A

a family’s responses to hereditary conditions; shape children’s adjustment and development?

65
Q

What is body ego?

A

a person’s sense of self as an individual

66
Q

When does body ego develop?

A

in the early years during the process of closeness and separation between child and parent

67
Q

Nurturing a child through physical and emotional care helps to create what?

A

a psychic skin

68
Q

What is a psychic skin?

A

a person’s capacity for protecting and containing his or her internal emotional states

69
Q

What is neuropsychoanalysis?

A

study of the relationship between psychoanalytic theory and biological approaches in psychology

70
Q

What did Erik Erikson (1902 - 1994) believe?

A

that the psychological and social aspects of development are AS IMPORTANT as the biological and sexual aspects that Freud emphasized

71
Q

What is a psychodynamic theory?

A

theories that are offshoots of Freudian psychoanalysis

72
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial theory?

A

psychoanalytic theory that development occurs in a sequence of stages defined by a unique crisis or social challenge

73
Q

Who extended and elaborated upon Erikson’s original theory and added 6 developmental stages extending from early adulthood to old age?

A

George Vaillant

PSYC 2290 (5 decks)

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