CHAPTER 1 - CLASSIFICATIONS OF LITERATURE

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encompasses a vast array of written, spoken, or sung works that express ideas, emotions, and experiences

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Literature

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General Types Of Literature

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A. genres
B. Can Be Mode Of Written Expression

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The word “fiction” is derived from the Latin word

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fictio

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fictio means

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a shaping, a fashioning

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Fiction comes from the verb

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fingere

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fingere means

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to shape” or “to form

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refers to the act of shaping or inventing stories, characters, and worlds using the imagination

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fiction

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Types of fiction

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Novel
Short Story
Novella
Fairy Tales

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A lengthy narrative fiction work

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Novel

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A brief work of fiction that typically focuses on a single plot or theme

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Short Story

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Longer than a short story but shorter than a novel

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Novella

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Folklore and fantasy narratives often aimed at children

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Fairy Tales

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The primary goal of fiction is often to

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entertain, evoke emotions, and tell a story

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• Examples of fiction include

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novels, short stories, plays, and poetry

Noli/El Fili, “Smaller and Smaller Circles” by F.H. Batacan)

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are based on real events, facts, and information. They aim to present truthful and accurate accounts of the world

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Non-Fiction

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The primary purpose of non-fiction is to

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inform, educate, explain, or persuade

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• Examples of non-fiction include

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textbooks, biographies, essays, news articles, scientific reports, and historical writings

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Enumerate poetry

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Poetry
Lyric Poetry
Narrative Poetry
Epic Poetry
Sonnet

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is a form of literary expression characterized by the use of rhythm, meter (rhythmic structure of a verse or line of poetry), and language chosen for its aesthetic qualities and evocative power.

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Poetry

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: Expresses personal emotions and feelings.

in Philippine literature often expresses personal emotions, reflections, and experiences in a succinct and emotive manner

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Lyric poetry

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: Tells a story through verse.
___________ in Philippine literature often takes the form of epics, corridos, and other poetic narratives that tell stories of heroism, love, and cultural values.

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Narrative poetry

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A long narrative poem that often involves heroic deeds.
__________ in Philippine literature often takes the form of traditional epics, which are long narrative poems that recount the heroic deeds, adventures, and cultural history of a people.

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Epic poetry

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” is an Ilocano epic that tells the story of the legendary hero Lam-ang. The epic recounts his extraordinary birth, his adventures, and his tragic death. It is one of the most well-known and celebrated epics in Philippine literature.

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Biag ni Lam-ang

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” is an epic poem from the Ifugao people of the Cordillera region. It narrates the heroic exploits of Aliguyon, a legendary hero and warrior, and explores themes of courage, love, and tribal conflict

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Hudhud ni Aliguyon

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A 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme.

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Sonnet

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An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Example: "be-CAUSE

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Iambic

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example of a sonnet in Philippine literature:

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"To the Philippine Youth" by Dr. Jose Rizal

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is a form of literature that is intended to be performed by actors on a stage before an audience. It is a genre that encompasses a wide range of written or scripted works, including plays, scripts for films and television, and other theatrical productions. Drama is characterized by its focus on dialogue, conflict, and the interaction between characters to convey a narrative or explore themes.

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Drama

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A work intended for performance, typically involving dialogue and stage directions. is a form of literature intended for performance, typically on a stage, in front of an audience

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A play

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examples of plays in Philippine literature:

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"Ang Paglilitis ni Mang Serapio" (The Trial of Mang Serapio) by Paul Dumol: "Walang Sugat" (Without Wounds) by Severino Reyes:

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dramatic work where the protagonist faces a serious downfall.

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Tragedy

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Tragedy examples

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"Himala" (Miracle) by Ricky Lee

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is a genre of literature and drama that aims to entertain and amuse the audience through humor, wit, and satire.

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Comedy

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works in Philippine literature cover a range of topics, including history, culture, politics, and personal narratives.

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Non-fiction

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Example of fiction

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"A Question of Heroes" by Nick Joaquin

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is a short piece of writing that presents a writer's perspective or argument on a specific topic

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essay

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essay example

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"Sa Mga Kuko ng Liwanag" (In the Claws of Brightness) by Lualhati Bautista: "Why Youth of Today Need Rizal's Ideals" by Jose Rizal (translated by Nick Joaquin):

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An account of a person's life written by another person.

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Biography

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Biography examples

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"Wenceslao Q. Vinzons: A Hero's Life" by Onofre D. Corpuz: "The Diary of a Little Girl in Old Manila" by Barbara Henson:

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A self-written account of one's life. in Philippine literature offer firsthand accounts of personal experiences, providing insights into the lives of individuals and their contributions to society.

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Autobiographies

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autobiographical works in Philippine literature:

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"My Brother, My Executioner" by F. Sionil Jose

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News articles, features, and reports presenting factual information. __________ in Philippine literature is a dynamic field that reflects the country's history, culture, and societal concerns

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Journalism

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examples of significant works in journalism from the Philippines:

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"The Philippines Free Press" "The Philippine Star"

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refers to written works that explore, depict, or are set in a specific historical period. These works can take various forms, including novels, short stories, plays, poems, and non-fiction narratives.

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Historical literature

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Fictional works set in a historical period with real historical events and characters.

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Historical Fiction

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Historical Fiction examples

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"Ilustrado" by Miguel Syjuco

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Documentations of historical events and their analysis. __________ in Philippine literature refer to non-fiction works that provide factual information, analyses, and narratives about specific events, periods, or figures in Philippine history

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Historical accounts

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Historical accounts example

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"The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos" by Primitivo Mijares

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are two distinct genres of speculative fiction, each with its own set of characteristics. While they both involve elements of imagination and often explore worlds beyond our reality, there are key difference

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Fantasy and science fiction

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are typically set in worlds that are entirely imaginary or have elements of magic, mythical creatures, and supernatural phenomena. These settings often include medieval-like landscapes, enchanted forests, and realms populated by magical beings

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Fantasy

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are set in the future, outer space, or alternate realities where scientific advancements or speculative technologies play a significant role. The settings are often more futuristic and may involve space travel, advanced civilizations, or dystopian societies.

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Science fiction

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: Involves solving a puzzle or crime. The primary focus of _____________ is on solving a puzzle or unraveling an unknown. The central question revolves around discovering the truth behind a crime, event, or situation.

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mystery fiction

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Centers around a professional detective or investigator who is tasked with solving the crime. The focus is on the process of investigation and the detective's skills

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Detective Fiction

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is a genre that aims to evoke fear, dread, and a sense of the macabre

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Horror

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means disturbing and horrifying because of involvement with or depiction of death and injury

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macabre

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subgenre Intended to evoke fear and suspense

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Horror Fiction

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: Combines horror and romantic elements with a gloomy, mysterious atmosphere.

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Gothic Literature

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in literature refers to a genre that focuses on themes of love, emotional attachment, and romantic relationships. It explores the complexities of human emotions, often highlighting the joys and challenges of love.

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Romance

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: Focuses on the romantic relationships between characters.

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Romance Novel

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Romance Novel examples

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Dekada '70" by Lualhati Bautista "Para Kay B" by Ricky Lee:

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refers to literature specifically created for and targeted at children, typically up to around 12 years old. It includes a wide range of written and illustrated works that aim to entertain, educate, and inspire young readers.

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Children's literature

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Illustrated books for young children

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* Picture Books

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Geared towards older children and teenagers

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* Middle-Grade and Young Adult (YA) Literature

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Can Be Mode Of Written Expression two types

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Prose and poetry

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Written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. _________ follows natural patterns of speech and typically has sentences and paragraphs.

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Prose

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Characterized by a specific structure, often involving rhythmic and metrical patterns. _________ are typically organized into lines and stanzas, and they may use rhyme and various poetic devices.

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Poems

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Generally lacks a specific rhythmic or metrical pattern. It follows the natural flow of speech.

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Prose

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Often has a distinct rhythm and meter, created through patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Different poetic forms (like iambic pentameter) dictate specific rhythmic structures

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Poetry

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Uses everyday language and common vocabulary. It is more straightforward and tends to prioritize clear communication

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Prose

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Often employs figurative language, symbolism, and heightened diction

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Poetry

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Primarily focuses on conveying information or telling a story, relying less on figurative language.

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Prose

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Frequently employs imagery, metaphors, similes, and other figurative elements to create a vivid and imaginative experience for the reader

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Poetry

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Typically serves a more utilitarian purpose, conveying information, narrating a story, or presenting an argument

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Prose

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Often emphasizes aesthetic and emotional qualities, aiming to evoke feelings, create a specific atmosphere, or explore abstract concepts. Poems may have a more musical and emotionally charged tone.

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Poetry

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Prose and poetry differ in what aspects

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Structure Rhythm and Meter Language and Diction Imagery and Figurative Language Purpose and Tone Presentation

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Subtypes of Prose in Philippine Literature:

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Novel Short Story (Maikling Kuwento): Essay (Sanaysay): Biography (Biyograpiya): Autobiography (Awtobiograpiya): Historical Fiction (Pampanitikang Pangkasaysayan):

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Subtypes of Poetry in Philippine Literature:

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Awit Corrido Dalit Tanaga Balagtasan

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Definition: Narrative poetry often with a musical quality, telling stories of love, chivalry, and heroism.

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Awit

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Awit example

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"Florante at Laura" by Francisco Balagtas, an epic poem.

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Narrative poetry similar to awit, often telling tales of adventure and heroism

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Corrido

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Corrido example

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"Bernardo Carpio" by Jose de la Cruz, a corrido about a legendary hero.

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Indigenous Tagalog poetic form expressing religious devotion, often used in hymns.

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Dalit

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Dalit ex

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"Halina, Hesus, Halina" by San Pedro Bautista, a dalit expressing religious fervor

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Traditional Filipino quatrain with seven syllables per line, often used to express emotions or reflections

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Tanaga

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A poetic debate in verse form, often featuring witty and eloquent exchanges between participants.

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Balagtasan

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Balagtasan example

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"Sa Tabi ng Banga" by Balagtasang Tagalog, a famous balagtasan piece

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Poetry subtypes

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Narrative Poetry Lyric Poetry Dramatic Poetry

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Under narrative poetry

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Epic Poetry Corrido Awit

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Under Lyric Poetry

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Dalit Tanaga

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Under Dramatic Poetry

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Balagtasan Poetic Drama Monologue