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Foundations of Speech-Lang Pathology > Chapter 1: Communication > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Communication Flashcards

1
Q
  1. 5 levels of communication
A 
Formulation
Transmission 
Reception
Comprehension 
Modality
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2
Q
  1. Define formulation
A

the process of bringing all of your thoughts together before sharing with others (planning)

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3
Q
  1. Define transmission
A

The act of conveying thoughts/ideas that were formulated to another person (speaking)

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4
Q
  1. Define reception
A

the act of hearing/receiving information from person A (hear)

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5
Q
  1. Define comprehension
A

the process of making sense of that message

making sense

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6
Q
  1. Define modality
A

the manner in which information is being conveyed. This could be taken in many different ways –> speech, gesture, writing, etc
(different ways to communicate)

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7
Q
  1. A model of communication
A
  • Feedback
  • linguistic feedback
  • non-linguistic feedback
  • paralinguistic feedback
  • Communication breakdown
  • Conversational repair
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8
Q
  1. Feedback
A

Information provided by the receiver to the sender

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9
Q
  1. Linguistic feedback
A

Speaking and vocalizing

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10
Q
  1. Non-linguistic feedback
A

Eye-contact, facial expression, posture, and proximity

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11
Q
  1. Extra Note - Proximity
A

In different cultures, communications are done differently. For example, in the US and European countries, people stand quite far away from each other. However, in eastern countries (central Asia), people stand much closer.

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12
Q
  1. Para-linguistic feedback
A

Pitch, loudness, and pausing

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13
Q
  1. Communication breakdown
A

Distractions, lost of thought, mistaken facts, etc

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14
Q
  1. Conversational repair
A

Fixes mistakes within conversation.

Ex: Refocusing topic, regaining train of thought, and fixing facts, etc.

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15
Q
  1. The Purpose of Communication
A
  • Effective communication
    • What do they do
  • Grice’s Maxims (Linguist)
  • Maxims –> Principle of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner
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16
Q
  1. The purpose of communication
A

To provide and solicit information

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17
Q
  1. Effective communication
A

Occurs when info is successfully shared between a sender and a receiver; there is no breakdown in formulation, transmission, reception, or comprehension

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18
Q
  1. What do effective communicators do?
A

An effective communicator is one whose communications with others are effective MOST OF THE TIME

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19
Q
  1. What do effective communicators do?
A

They communicate through a shared modality, such as speaking and hearing, reading and writing, or singing

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20
Q
  1. What do effective communicators do?
A

Effective communicators avoid communication breakdowns by RESPONDING TO AND GIVING FEEDBACK DURING CONVERSATIONS

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21
Q
  1. What do effective communicators do?
A

They use communication for diverse purposes:

Ask, instructions/directions, social, express feelings, seek info, stories

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22
Q
  1. Grice’s Maxims
A

Specific principles for communicating

Grice was a linguist

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23
Q
  1. Principle of quantity
A

The sender provides the RIGHT AMOUNT and TYPE OF INFO

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24
Q
  1. Principle of Quality
A

The sender shares info that is ACCURATE

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25
3. Principle of Relevance
The sender communicates in a way that is APPROPRIATE to the situation
26
3. Principle of Manner
The sender speaks FLUENTLY, takes turns, pauses as needed, uses loudness and pitch appropriately, and engages in eye contact as expected by cultural norms
27
4. How does communication relate to language, speech, and hearing?
- Language - Speech - Hearing
28
4. Extra Note - Speech and Language
Speech and language are NOT the same thing
29
4. Extra Note
People who are mentally retarded do NOT have language, or it is severely damaged, but he DOES have speech Deaf people cannot have speech, but has language (sign language)
30
4. Language
Used for formulation and comprehension | Language occurs in the brain and not physically in the throat
31
4. Speech
Used for transmission | Mechanical act - produces phonemes because you use air and use physio function
32
4. Hearing
Used for reception
33
4A. LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS
1. socially shared 2. is a code 3. is arbitrary 4. is conventional (rule-governed)
34
4A. Language is socially shared
If its not shared, the languages are different = communication breakdown
35
4A. Language is a code (symbolic)
Words are symbols for a referent. Ex: Table is a word or a symbol for the referent or the actual item, the table. Ex: Bob is the name/symbol for the referent or the person, Bob
36
4A. Language is arbitrary
Meaning language was historically transmitted by accident. As long as everyone understands those words, it works
37
4A. Language is conventional
Language has specific rules for sentence structure, grammar, construction, syntax, semantics, etc. For any language
38
4B. REMARKABLE FEATURES OF A LANGUAGE
1. universality 2. species specificity 3. semanticity 4. productivity 5. rate of acquisition
39
4B. Universality
All humans have language
40
4B. Species specificity
Species have their own (some people disagree) | it just depends on your definition of language
41
4B. Semanticity
Language has meanings and you can change it
42
4B. Productivity
The generativity - once understood, you can make any unique sentences (rules must be known for sentences, structures, and grammar)
43
4B. Rate of acquisition
Normal children can "acquire" language quick and easy. Children come into the world "pre-wired" to pick up on certain things. That's why they don't "learn" language. That mean no one teaches them from the beginning. They pick it up by acquiring it.
44
4C. LANGUAGE DIMENSIONS
1. semantics 2. syntax 3. morphology 4. phonology 5. pragmatics
45
4C. Semantics
Semantics means the meaning and interpretation of words, signs, and sentence structure.
46
4C. Syntax
Syntax is the word order
47
4C. Morphology
Construction/process of the way each word is put together | Ex: dog, dog(s)
48
4C. Phonology
The phonological system of a language includes. an inventory of sounds and their features, and. rules which specify how sounds interact with each other.
49
4C. Pragmatics
Social uses of language | Ex: how to address certain people, how to talk to people, and so on.
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4D. LANGUAGE DOMAINS
1. content 2. form 3. use
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4D. Content
content is the semantics
52
4D. Form
``` Form = syntax + morphology + phonology (grammar = syntax + morphology) ```
53
4D. Use
Pragmatics
54
4D. METALINGUISTICS
this is the use of language to talk about language | Ex: this is what a noun is, this is how you use verbs, what is an adjective, etc..
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5 SPEECH
``` Systems involved with speech 1. respiration 2. phonation 3. resonance 4. articulation (speech is an overlaid system) --> uses pre-existing structure ```
56
5A. Respiration
air is the energy behind speech
57
5A. PHONATION
voice production - vibration of vocal folds
58
5A. Resonance
air vibration - the difference how other people sounds than you. unique voices
59
5A. Articulation
air in mouth - moves lips, jaws to produce different speech sounds
60
5A. Disorders
Anybody could have disorders from any of these systems.. usually has something to do with these

Foundations of Speech-Lang Pathology (2 decks)

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