Chapter 1 Critical Thinking

Question 1

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most Psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

Answer 1

Behaviorism

Question 2

Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

Answer 2

Humanistic Psychology

Question 3

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

Answer 3

Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 4

The science of behavior and mental processes.

Answer 4

Psychology

Question 5

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. It examines assumptions, uncovers hidden values, weighs evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Answer 5

Critical Thinking

Question 6

An approach that integrates different but complementary views from biological, psychological and social-cultural viewpoints.

Answer 6

Biopsychosocial Approach

Question 7

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and handed down from one generation to the next.

Answer 7

Culture

Question 8

The age-old controversy over the relative influence if genes and experience in the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

Answer 8

Nature-Nurture Issue

Question 9

The principle that, at the same time, our mind processes information on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

Answer 9

Dual Processing

Question 10

The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Answer 10

Positive Psychology

Question 11

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we could have predicted it. (I-Knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

Answer 11

Hindsight Bias

Question 12

An explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events.

Answer 12

Theory

Question 13

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

Answer 13

Hypothesis

Question 14

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures.

Answer 14

Operational Definition

Question 15

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants.

Answer 15

Replication

Question 16

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in great depth.

Answer 16

Case Study

Question 17

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations.

Answer 17

Naturalistic Observation

Question 18

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a group. Usually questioning a representative (random).

Answer 18

Survey

Question 19

All those in a group being studied.

Answer 19

Population

Question 20

A sample that fairly represents the population because each member has an equal chance.

Answer 20

Random Sample

Question 21

Two events vary together.

Answer 21

Correlation

Question 22

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two factors.

Answer 22

Scatterplot

Question 23

A method in which in which researchers vary one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. (One of the variables is altered.

Answer 23

Experiment

Question 24

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance.

Answer 24

Random Assignment

Question 25

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment.

Answer 25

Control Group

Question 26

An inactive substance that is sometimes given to those in a control group.

Answer 26

Placebo

Question 27

A procedure in which participants and research staff are ignorant about who has received the treatment or the placebo.

Answer 27

Double-Blind-Procedure

Question 28

Results caused by expectations alone.

Answer 28

Placebo Effect

Question 29

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Answer 29

Independent Variable

Question 30

In an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect.

Answer 30

Confounding Variable

Question 31

The factor that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.

Answer 31

Dependent Variable

Question 32

Giving people enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate.

Answer 32

Informed Consent

Question 33

After an experiment ends, explaining to participants the study's purpose and any deceptions researchers used.

Answer 33

Debriefing

Question 34

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information.

Answer 34

Testing Effect

Question 35

A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.

Answer 35

SQ3R