Chapter 1 Data collection

Question 0

What is the process of Statistics

Answer 0

1. Identify the research object- Detailed questions that identifies population
2. Collect data
3. Describe the data
4. Perform Inference

Question 1

Variables

Answer 1

Is the characteristics of individual within a population

Question 2

What is the margin of error?

Answer 2

an amount that is alloed for in case of miscalculation or change of circumastance

Question 3

Qualitative variables

Answer 3

classification of individuals based on some attribute on characteristics

Question 4

Quantitive variables

Answer 4

Numerical measures of individuals can be added or subtracted

Example: Temperature, Number of days during the past week that someone studied

Question 5

Discrete Variables

Answer 5

Quanatative varable that have finite of possible values or countable numbers

Question 6

Continuous Variable

Answer 6

Quantative variable that has infinite number of possible values

Question 7

nominal

Answer 7

catagories of naming or lables.

Question 8

Ordinal

Answer 8

valued at nominal but has ranked order

Question 9

Interval

Answer 9

is valued at nominal and ordinal, named and ranked bu can be added or subtracted

Question 10

Ratio

Answer 10

properties of interval but can be multiplied or divided

Question 11

What is statistics?

Answer 11

Statistics is a process of collecting, Anaylising and summarizing data in order to draw conclusions

Question 12

Population

Answer 12

Entire group being studied

Question 13

Individual

Answer 13

A member of the population

Question 14

Sample

Answer 14

A subset of the population

Question 15

Descriptive statistics

Answer 15

Describes results without making general conclusions

Question 16

Statistics

Answer 16

numerical result of a sample

Question 17

Inferential Statistics

Answer 17

uses methods that take a result from a sample and extends it to populations, measures realilibity

Question 18

Parameter

Answer 18

is a numerical summary of a population

Question 19

response variable

Answer 19

result of experiment

Question 20

Explanatory variable

Answer 20

Variance (Statistics a quantity equal to the square of the standard deviation) of experiment

Question 21

Observational study

Answer 21

measure the value of the response without influncsing response or explantory variable

Question 22

Designed experienment

Answer 22

assignment of groups intintionally changing value, records value

*allows researches to look at cause and effect and control them

Question 23

Confounding

Answer 23

in a study occurs when the effects of two or more explantory variables are not seperated

Question 24

lurking variable

Answer 24

is an explantory variable that as not considered in a study

Question 25

Cross-Sectional Studies

Answer 25

collects information over a short amount of time

Question 26

case-control

Answer 26

Are retrospective which hen individuals look back at time or researches look at exisiting records

Question 27

Cohort studies

Answer 27

Idenitifies a group then the group is studied over a long period of time

Question 28

Census

Answer 28

a list of all individuals in a population along with certian characteristics of a each indiviudal

Question 29

Sampling Bias

Answer 29

A sampling method is biased if each element doesnot have an equal chance of being selected

Question 30

Simple random sampling

Answer 30

is the process of selecting a subset of a population for the purpose of statistical ingerence, and every member of the population is equally likelt to be chosen

Question 31

Complex Sampling

Answer 31

is used for experiements with more complicated problems

Question 32

Random assignment

Answer 32

Occurs hen the subjects in an experiment are randoml assigned to conditions, it prevents systematic confoundings of treatment effects ith other variables

Question 33

Stratified Sampling

Answer 33

a method used if the population has a number of distinct "strata" or groups. 1. identify sub group 2. take samples proprotional to the population

Question 34

Systematic Sampling

Answer 34

obtained by selecting every Kth individual from population

Question 35

Cluster Sampling

Answer 35

Obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collections or groups of individuals

Question 36

Covience Sampling

Answer 36

is a sample which the individuals are easily obtained and not based on randomness, - usually self selected or voluntary response