Chapter 1 Definitions Flashcards
(31 cards)
Chemistry
the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter.
Matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
Mass
the quantity of matter
Energy
the capacity to do work or generate heat
Atom
the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical characteristics of that element
Molecule
a particle that consists of two or more atoms bonded together in characteristic patterns and proportions
Work
the exertion of force through a distance
Heat
energy moving from one object or place of higher temperature to another at lower temperature
Potential Energy
energy stored in an object due to its position or composition
Kinetic Energy
energy of motion
Law of Conservation of Energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed, it is merely transferred or transformed
Matter can be classified into two broad categories:
pure substances and mixtures
There are two types of pure substances:
elements and compounds
Mixture
- a combination of two or more pure substances.
- can be separated into its individual components by physical means.
Pure Substance
- consist of only one type of matter (e.g., gold, water, sugar).
- exhibits the same chemical and physical properties throughout.
- cannot be broken down into simpler substances by purely physical processes.
Element
pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by any chemical process
(e.g. gold. oxygen, sulfur)
Compound
pure substance that consist of two or more elements bonded together in fixed proportions
(e.g. water, sugar, salt)
Filtration
process for separating particles suspended in a liquid or gas by passing the mixture through a medium that retains the particles
Distillation
separation technique in which the more volatile components of a mixture are vaporized and then condensed, separating them from less volatile components
Chromatography
separation technique based on how strongly particles of different substances interact with the two phases used in the process
Properties, or characteristics, of matter can be classified in two ways:
intensive/extensive or physical/chemical.
Intensive Properties
are intrinsic properties, related to the identity of the substance and independent of the amount of matter
(e.g. color, melting point, hardness, density)
Extensive Properties
are external to the nature of the substance but related to “how much” matter is present
(e.g. volume, mass, and shape)
Physical Properties
properties that can be observed without changing the substance into another
substance
