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pathophysiology > Chapter 1 EKG > Flashcards

Chapter 1 EKG Flashcards

1
Q

from the point of an electrocardiographer what are the 3 types of cells in the heart?

A

Pacemaker cells (electrical power source)
electrical conducting cells
myocardial cells

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2
Q

define Action potential?

A

record one electrical cycle of depolarization and repolarization from a single cell.

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3
Q

what does the action potential of pacemaker cells look like?

A

electrical charge drops to a minimal negative potential of -60mV.

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4
Q

what is the frequency of the SA node?

A

60-100Hz

the denervated heart will beat at 100bpm.

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5
Q

what is the bundle of nerves called that go from the Left to right atrium?

A

Bachmann’s bundle.

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6
Q

what element plays a role in excitation-contraction coupling?

A

Calcium.

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7
Q

how much time does one small square represent?

A

0.04 seconds

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8
Q

how much time does one large square represent?

A

0.2 seconds (0.04 x 5)

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9
Q

the vertical axis, one small square represents?

A

0.1mV

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10
Q

the vertical axis, one large square represents?

A

0.5mV

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11
Q

what part of the heart depolarizes 1st?

A

the right atrium since that is where the SA node is. The first half of the P-wave is the right atrium depolarization, and the other half is the left atrium.

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12
Q

why is the conduction delay in the AV node necessary?

A

to allow the ventricles to fill up with blood from the atria before they contract.

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13
Q

Name the 3 parts of the ventricular conducting system?

A
  • Bundle of His
  • Bundle branches
  • Terminal purkinje fibers
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14
Q

Name the 3 branches of the left bundle branch?

A

Septal fascicle: depolarizes the interventricular septum
Anterior fascicle: runs along anterior wall of left ventricle
Posterior fascicle: posterior wall of left ventricle

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15
Q

Why does the QRS complex have such a high amplitude?

A

do to higher muscle mass in the ventricles. Most of the QRS is the left ventricle due to higher muscle mass.

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16
Q

the voltage of the P or Q wave is lower?

A

T wave is less than that of the Q-wave.

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17
Q

when it comes to ECG what is the difference between a segment and an interval?

A 
Segment = straight line
interval = encompasses at-least one wave plus.
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18
Q

what are the 3 intervals/segments?

A
  • PR interval (includes P wave + straight line connecting to QRS segment), from atrial depol to vent. deplo.
  • PR segment time delay of AV node.
  • QT interval includes the QRS complex, the ST segment and the T-wave.
  • QRS interval measures QRS complex duration.
19
Q

how do waves show up on the EKG?

A

waves of depolarization moving towards positive electrode show upward deflection.

20
Q

where should a electrode be placed to create a bi-phasic wave.

A

perpendicular to the wave of depolarization.

21
Q

Lead I angle?

A

zero degrees

22
Q

Lead II angle?

A

60 degrees

23
Q

Lead III angle?

A

120 degrees

24
Q

how are augmented leads set up?

A

a single lead is chosen to be positive and all the others are made negative, with their average essentially serving as the negative electrode.

25
Q

Lead aVL setup?

A

left arm positive and other limbs negative (-30 degrees)

26
Q

lead aVR setup?

A

right arm positive and the other limbs negative (-150 degrees)

27
Q

lead aVF setup?

A

legs positive and other limbs negative. (+90 degrees)

28
Q

what are the inferior leads?

A

Lead II, III, aVF.

29
Q

what are the left lateral leads?

A

Lead I and aVL, V5, V6

30
Q

what are the right-sided limb leads?

A

aVR, V1

31
Q

where is V1 electrode placed?

A

4th IC space right of sternum

32
Q

where is V2 electrode placed?

A

4th IC space left of sternum

33
Q

where is V3 electrode placed?

A

placed between V2 and V4

34
Q

where is V4 electrode placed?

A

5th IC space in the midclavicular line

35
Q

where is V5 electrode placed?

A

between V4 and V6

36
Q

where is V6 electrode placed?

A

5th IC space in midaxillary line

37
Q

what does all of the 6 precordial leads see?

A

V1 = over right ventricle
V2, V3 = over the interventricular septum
V4 = over the apex of left ventricle
V5, V6 over the lateral left ventricle

38
Q

what are the anterior leads?

A

V2, V3, V4

39
Q

how long is the PR interval?

A

0.12-0.2 seconds

40
Q

what direction does the interventricular septum depolarize?

A

left to right do to the left bundle branch being responsible for rapidly delivering the wave to this part.
this is seen as a Q wave which is RARELY seen in Lead II.

41
Q

what is R wave progression?

A

the pattern of progressively increasing R wave amplitude moving right to left in the precordial leads.
V1 has small R-wave, Lead V5 has largest R-wave.

42
Q

Duration of the QRS complex?

A

0.06 - 0.1 seconds.

43
Q

why does both ventricular depolarization and repolarization cause a deflection in the same direction?

A

depolarization and repolarization occur in opposite direction. first to depolarize is the last to repolarize.

44
Q

QT interval duration?

A

heart rate dependent. Faster beating heart means shorter QT interval.

pathophysiology (7 decks)

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