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PCB3233 Immunology > Chapter 1: Elements of the Immune System and their Roles in Defense > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Elements of the Immune System and their Roles in Defense Flashcards

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1
Q

Immunology

A

is the study of physiological mechanisms that are used to defend the body from invasion by foreign or infectious agents

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2
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cells

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3
Q

Innate immunity

A

determined by the genes you inherited from your parents

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4
Q

Adaptive/protective immunity

A
  • takes time to develop
  • first appears on vertebrates
  • T and B cells
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5
Q

Immunity involves two responses:

A
  1. Flexible but specific defenses of the adaptive immune response
  2. Fixed defenses of the innate immune response
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6
Q

Microbes

A
  • Survive on animal & plant products
  • Release digestive enzymes
  • Grow on living tissues (extracellular) where they are bathed in nutrients
  • Other (intracellular) microbes infect animal/human cells, utilizing host-cell sources
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7
Q

Antigen

A

Anything a B or T cell can bind to

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8
Q

Protective immunity

A

People who survive a specific infection become immune to it – adaptive cells have memory

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9
Q

Disease in prevented by…

A

by prior exposure to an attenuated/killed/subunit/RNA infectious agent (vaccine)

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10
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Discovered vaccination in 1796

Used cowpox to protect humans from smallpox

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11
Q

Pathogen

A

Any organism with potential to cause disease

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12
Q

Examples of pathogens

A

Influenza and bacillus

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13
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

cause disease if the body’s defenses are weakend or it gets into a part of the body it isn’t normally found it

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14
Q

Four Kinds of Pathogen that Cause Human Disease

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites (protozoa and worms)

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15
Q

Examples of bacteria

A

Salmonella enteritidis - Food poisoning
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Tuberculosis TB
Streptococcus - Strep Throat

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16
Q

Examples of viruses

A

Variola - Smallpox
Influenza - Flu
HIV - AIDS
SARS-CoV-2 - COVID19

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17
Q

Example of fungi

A

Candida albicans - Thrush, systemic candidiasis, yeast infections

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18
Q

Example of parasite

A

Trypanosoma brucei - sleeping sickness

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19
Q

Pathogens smallest to largest

A

Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Parasite

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20
Q

Commensal Bacteria

A

Causes no harm to the host

Over 1000 microbial species in the human gut (normal flora)

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21
Q

What is the first line of external defense against infection?

A

Skin (it is a tough impenetrable barrier)

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22
Q

Skin is continuous with epithelia lining

A
  • Respiratory
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Urogenital tracts
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23
Q

Mucosal surfaces

A

Impermeable skin that gives way to specialized tissues that are more vulnerable to microbe attack

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24
Q

Mucosal surfaces are bathed in mucus; thick fluid containing….

A

glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and enzymes

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25
Lysozyme is an antibacterial found in...
tears and saliva
26
Defensins
poke holes in the pathogen
27
Innate immune response consists of two parts
Recognition and recruitment of effector mechanisms (cells)
28
Innate immune system
- First line of defense against infections - Works RAPIDLY - Gives rise to the acute inflammatory response - Has some specificity for microbes
29
Adaptive immune system
- Takes longer to develop, (~7 days) - Is highly specific for antigens, including those associated with microbes - Uses one type of receptor to recognize many different pathogens
30
Primary immune response
First time the adaptive immune response is activated against a pathogen
31
Secondary immune response
Any time the adaptive immune response is activated against a pathogen that it has been exposed to before (shows memory)
32
Innate immunity (pathogen-recognition mechanisms)
- Rapid response within hours - Fixed - Limited number of specificities - Constant during the course of response
33
Adaptive immunity (pathogen-recognition mechanisms)
- Slow response in days to weeks - Variable - Numerous highly selective specificities - Improve during the course of response
34
Cells of the immune system:
Lymphoid cells, mononuclear phagocytes, granulocytic cells, dendritic cells
35
Lymphoid cells (lymphocytes)
20-50% of white blood cells | T cells, B cells, and NK cells
36
Mononuclear phagocytes
Monocytes that circulate in the blood | Macrophages found in tissues
37
Granulocytic cells (granulocytes)
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils (based on morphology and cytoplasmic staining characteristics)
38
Dendritic cells
Main function is the presentation of antigen to T cells
39
Hematopoiesis
Takes place in the bone marrow
40
Generation of the cellular elements of blood
Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells/leukocytes (WBC), and Megakaryocyte (platelets)
41
Hematopoietic stem cells can divide into...
Lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid lineage
42
Common lymphoid precursor can divide into...
B cell, T cell, and NK cell
43
Common myeloid precursor can divide into...
Monocyte, neutrophil eosinophil, basophil (blood) | Macrophage, dendritic cell, mast cell (tissues)
44
Megakaryocyte/erythoid can divide into...
Megakaryocyte-->platelets, and erythrocytes
45
Most abundant leukocytes are the _________
neutrophils, followed by lymphocytes
46
Leukocytes
A general term for white blood cells: Lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes
47
Lymphocytes
A class of white blood cells that consist of small and large lymphocytes. T and B cells are the only cells found in lymph in large numbers, this is why they were named Lymphocytes.
48
What are the two classes of lymphocytes?
Small lymphocytes (adaptive immunity cells) and large granular lymphocytes
49
Small lymphocytes
B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells)
50
Large granular lymphocytes
Natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes of innate immunity
51
Naive lymphocytes (or small lymphocytes)
resting cells that have not interacted with antigen
52
Lymphoblasts
are lymphocytes that have interacted with antigen and proliferate Lymphoblasts eventually differentiate into effector cells or into memory cells
53
Effector cells eliminate ______
antigen
54
Cytokine-producing T helper cells (TH)
CD4 cell
55
Plasma B cells secrete ______
antibody
56
T cytotoxic cells (TC)
CD8 cell
57
NK cells (large granular lymphocytes)
are found throughout the tissues fo the body but mainly in the circulation
58
NK cells constitute _____% of lymphocytes in human blood
5-10%
59
NK cells contain ________ substances which are important for protection against viruses and some tumors
cytotoxic
60
NK cells secrete cytokines which...
prevent viral replication and helps to activate T cell-mediated immunity
61
Neutrophils (definition)
are effectors of innate immunity - specialized in the capture, engulfment and killing of microbes
62
Neutrophils (details)
- Work in the anaerobic conditions found in damaged tissue - Are short-lived and die at site of the infection – one the major reasons for pus formation at the site of injury - Pus former = pyogenic - Are phagocytic cells that contain toxic substances in intracellular granules (primary and secondary granules) - Employ oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways to destroy pathogens
63
Monocytes are only found in ______
circulation
64
Macrophages are only found in ______
tissues
65
What is the purpose of the folds in dendritic cells?
The folds allow maximum interaction with other cells of the immune system
66
Most dendritic cells
- Possess high levels of surface MHC class II molecules - Can also present with MHC I - Process and present peptide antigens to T cells - Their role is to recognize microbial antigens through innate receptors and process and present them to T cells of the adaptive immune system
67
Follicular dendritic cells (FDC)
hold intact antigens in specialized areas of lymphoid tissues They are found in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid tissues
68
Megakaryocytes are responsible for
platelet formation
69
Erythrocytes are responsible for oxygen transport and ...
they have an important immunological role in clearing immune complexes from the circulation in persistent infections and in some autoimmune diseases
70
NK cell
Type 1 immunity Cell-mediated cytotoxicity Intracellular infections Viruses and some bacteria
71
ILC1
Type 1 immunity Inflammatory macrophage activation Extracellular infections Bacteria
72
ILC2
Type 2 Immunity Noninflammatory macrophage activation Intestinal parasite infections
73
ILC3
Type 3 Immunity | Promotion of phagocytosis and secretion of antimicrobial peptides

PCB3233 Immunology (4 decks)

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