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Toxicology > Chapter 1 (exam 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 (exam 1) Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Toxicology

A

study adverse effects of chemicals or organisms

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2
Q

Toxicant

A

substance that causes harm when in contact with organism at a sufficiently high dose

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3
Q

toxin

A

a toxicant produced by an organism

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4
Q

Xenobiotic

A

foreign to life, evolutionary time scale

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5
Q

Dose

A

amount administered and internalized by organism

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6
Q

Dosage

A

dose per unit body weight

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7
Q

Anthropogenic

A

manmade. from human activity

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8
Q

Potency

A

measure ability of material to cause effect

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9
Q

Method of exposure

A

inhalation
ingestion
dermal
injection

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10
Q

Principles of Tox

A
  1. Response has specific chemical cause
  2. Magnitude related to dose
  3. receptor interaction with toxicant
  4. Concentration at the receptor is related to the conc. of exposure
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11
Q

Response Pathway

A

exposure - uptake - metabolism (maybe) - distribution - excretion

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12
Q

Why Tox?

A 
Environmental effects
Workplace exposure
Nontarget effects
Understand mechanisms
Crime
Develop better targeted
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13
Q

Tox Goals

A

Hazard ID - extent and nature of effect, ID the toxicant

Dose Response/Risk Assessment - assess probablility of effects depending on the exposure

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14
Q

Exposure Duration

A

Acute - single dose (1-2 days)
Subacute - little longer than acute
Subchronic - little less than chronic
Chronic - multiple doses (weeks to years), dependent on the lifespan of the organism

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15
Q

Duration Effects/Factors

A

Longer-more uptake, more interaction with the receptor
Different endpoints
Dependent on the half life
Rate at which compound is removed

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16
Q

Accumulation

A

Increase in the concentration over time in a tissue

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17
Q

NOAEL

A

No observable adverse effects level

  • acute requires greater amount
  • chronic requires smaller amount
  • highest conc/dose that is not different from the control
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18
Q

Why use Rats/Mice Experiments

A
  • easy to handle
  • similar physiology to human, uptake and reproduction
  • similar receptors
  • metabolism
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19
Q

Interested Organisms

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A

human, fish, rats/mice, plants, birds, insects, algae, crops

20
Q

Drawbacks of lab experiments

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A
  • skips distribution
  • technical expertise
  • wrong target site
  • metabolism
21
Q

Endpoints

Study These Flashcards
A

mortality, reproduction, organ function, metabolism, growth, mobility/behavior, a bio function

22
Q

in vivo and in vitro

Study These Flashcards
A

in vivo - in organism

in vitro - “in glass” in the lab

23
Q

LD50

Study These Flashcards
A

median lethal dose, produces mortality of 50% of the tested population

24
Q

LC50

Study These Flashcards
A

concentration that produces mortality in 50% of the exposure.

  • easier to measure than dose in each organism
  • concentration in the exposure
25
ED50 or EC50
effective dose or concentration for 50% of the population - used when effect is increasing - beneficial effect of pharmaceutical
26
ID50 or IC50
Inhibitory dose or concentration for 50% of the population - used when effect is decreasing - example - pain with medication
27
Rank EC and LC values
``` Low (EC always lower than any LC) EC10 EC50 LC50 96 hr LC50 12 hr high ```
28
Therapeutic Index
LD50/ED50 larger index is safer
29
Margin of Safety
LD1/ED99 | -if less than 1, people are dying before it is effective
30
Dose - Response relationship
- log scale x-axis - sigmoidal - Zero dose is control - non zero intercept because some organisms will die without the dose
31
Threshold
conc or dose at which response is significantly different from the control, theoretical point -
32
Cumulative vs response graphs
Cumulative is sigmoidal and response is bell curve Cumulative can also be a valley shape -example - copper is necessary for survival, deficiency is fatal, but so is an excess
33
LOAEL
Lowest observable adverse effect level | -lowest observable dose/conc that is different from the control
34
NOEC and LOEC
no/lowest observable effects concentration
35
Why compare across species and challenges
-cant use humans -nontarget species -endangered species -minimize organisms tested Challenges - physiology, receptor, metabolism differences
36
Variability in responses graph
- genetics, gender, age, exposure, health status, chemical interactions - Narrower curve will have lower uncertainty in LC50 estimate - More variability is more realistic in actual population - narrow curve will have less noise, better baseline
37
Humans and Pesticides (something that kills a pest)
- Greater phylogenetic similarity, greater chance of similar response - herbicide/fungicide< molluscicides < nematocides < rodenticides
38
Pesticide Design
goal-control pests w/o harming nontarget selective-highly toxic to pest, low tox to nontarget effective-low dose to achieve control of pest
39
Additivity
response to mixture us equal to sum of responses to individual exposures 2+3=5
40
Antagonism
response to mix is less than sum of responses to individual exposures 10+2 = 4 or 10+0=4
41
Synergism
Response to mix is greater than sum of responses to individual exposures 2+10=20
42
Potentiation
same as synergism but one component is nontoxic | 2+0=10
43
Piperonyl butoxide
nontoxic but interferes with metabolic enzyme - In pesticides to limit metabolism and cause accumulation. - more economical for the pesticide
44
Functional Interaction
Both chemicals impact the same physiological function | -Increase blood pressure and decrease blood pressure id functional antagonism
45
Chemical interactions (antagonism example)
EDTA and Metals Form complex EDTA neutralizes metal
46
Dispositional interactions
Absorbtion, distribution, metabolism , or excretion of one chemical modified another - charcoal and EtOH - Receptor interactions-chemicals bind to the same receptor - -Cu, Zn, Pb on fish gill ion transport proteins - -Cu out complexes Zn at the receptor
47
How to obtain tox data
- controlled lab tox testing - epidemiology-info from uncontrolled sources (more noise and factors) - Test the general population

Toxicology (9 decks)

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