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Chemistry > Chapter 1: Experimental Design > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Experimental Design Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What does a gas syringe do?

A

It collects and measures the volume of gas in cm cube

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2
Q

What does an electronic mass balance do?

A

To measure mass in grams (g)

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3
Q

What does a stopwatch do?

A

It measures time in hours, minutes or seconds.

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4
Q

What is time usually rounded off to in Chemistry?

A

The nearest second.

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5
Q

What does a thermometer do?

A

It measures temperature in degrees Celcius.

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6
Q

What is the thermometer’s reading rounded off to?

A

The nearest 0.5 degrees Celcius.

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7
Q

What does a teat pipette do?

A

It transfers small amounts of liquids.

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8
Q

What is a teat pipette not suitable for?

A

Accurate measurement.

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9
Q

What does a measuring cylinder do?

A

It measures a volume of a liquid.

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10
Q

What is the reading of a measuring cylinder rounded off to?

A

Nearest cm cube.

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11
Q

What does a volumetric pipette do?

A

It accurately measures out a fixed volume of liquid.

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12
Q

What fixed volumes do common volumetric pipettes have?

A

20.0 cm cube or 25.0 cube

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13
Q

What does a burette do?

A

It accurately measures out volume of a liquid.

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14
Q

What is the reading on a burette rounded off to?

A

nearest 0.05 cm cube (2 d.p.)

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15
Q

What are the methods for gas collection?

A
  1. Upward delivery
  2. Downward delivery
  3. Displacement of water
  4. Gas syringe
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16
Q

What do you want to do when using upward delivery?

A

Collect a gas that is less dense than air and is soluble in water.

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17
Q

What do you want to do when using downward delivery?

A

Collect a gas that is denser than air and is soluble in water.

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18
Q

What do you want to do when using displacement of water?

A

Collect a gas of any density that is insoluble in water.

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19
Q

What do you want to do when using a gas syringe?

A

Collect and measure the volume of a gas where its solubility and density does not matter.

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20
Q

What are the 3 drying agents?

A
  1. Concentrated sulfuric acid.
  2. Quicklime (calcium oxide)
  3. Fused calcium chloride.
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21
Q

What are the 3 methods of drying gases?

A
  1. Pass the gas through concentrated sulfuric acid
  2. Pass the gas through quicklime
  3. Pass through fused calcium oxide.
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22
Q

What gases do concentrated sulfuric acid dry?

A

Most gases except for ammonia

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23
Q

Why can’t concentrated sulfuric acid dry ammonia?

A

As ammonia is alkaline in nature, it will react with it.

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24
Q

What gases do quicklime dry?

25
What gases do fused calcium chloride dry?
Most gases except ammonia.
26
Which drying agent is most commonly used in laboratories?
Passing a gas through fused calcium chloride.
27
Why drying agents needed?
To prevent water in gases from reacting and interfering with results in labs and to prevent rusting in homes.
28
What is the procedure to do filtration?
1. Fold a piece of filter paper and place it in a filter funnel. 2. Pour the mixture into the filter tunnel. 3. Collect the filtrate that passes through the filter paper in a beaker. 4. Wash the residue with distilled water and dry the residue on a piece of filter paper.
29
What is filtration used to do?
To separate insoluble solids from a solid-liquid mixture.
30
What is evaporation to dryness used to do?
It is used to separate a solid that is soluble in water.
31
How does filtration work?
Large, insoluble particles are unable to pass through the small pores of the filter paper, being trapped at the filter paper to be collected as the residue, while the small particles of the liquid are able to pass through the filter paper to be collected as the filtrate
32
What is the procedure to do evaporation to dryness?
Heat a solution in an evaporating dish until dryness.
33
How does evaporation to dryness work?
The soluble solid that has been dissolved in the solution has a very high boiling point while hte liquid has a lower boiling point. 2. When heated to the liquid's boiling point, the liquid will boil and turn into gas leaving the insoluble solid behind.
34
What is crystalisation used to do?
Used to separate a solid that decomposes when heated.
35
When is evaporation to dryness used?
If a solid does not decompose upon heating.
36
What is the procedure to do crystalisation?
1. Heat the solution in an evaporating dish until saturated. 2. Cool the solution to room temperature to allow crystals to form. 3. Filter the solution to get the crystals. 4. Dry the crystals with filter paper.
37
How does crystalisation work?
1. When heating the solution, water turns into gas and is removed. 2. The heating is stopped when a hot saturated solution is formed. 3. When that is cooled, the dissolved solid will form pure crystals as the solution can dissolve a smaller amount of solid as a lower temperature.
38
When is crystalisation used?
Used if solid decomposes when heated.
39
What is sublimation used for?
It is used when one of the solids sublimes, and the other solid has a high melting point.
40
What is the procedure to do sublimation?
1. Set up the apparatus using salt and iodine mixture for example 2. Heat the evaporating dish containing the mixture of the solids.
41
How does sublimation work?
1. A solid that sublimes will change directly when heated. 2. When the vapor comes into contact with the cool surface of the inverted funnel, it will condense and cool to form the solid state.
42
What is a separating funnel used for?
It is used to separate immiscible liquids
43
What is the procedure to do separating funnel?
1. Pour the mixture of oil and water into the separating funnel and place a clean beaker below the separating funnel. 2. Open the tap of the funnel to allow the bottom layer to drain into the beaker. 3. Close the tap before the top layer of liquid runs out. 4. Place another beaker below the funnel. 5. Open the tap to allow a little of the top layer of liquid into the second beaker. Dispose of the liquid collected. 6. Now the separating funnel contains only oil while the first beaker contains only water.
44
What is simple distillation used for?
It separates a pure solvent from a solution
45
What happens in the distillation flask during simple distillation?
The mixture is heated until the liquid boils, turning into gas and entering the condenser.
46
What happens in the condenser during simple distillation?
The outer tube is filled with cold running water. The gas passes through the inner-tube, being cooled and condensing back to liquid state.
47
Why does cold water need to enter from the bottom of the condenser?
The direction of the water flow goes against gravity, meaning that it will always be filled with cold running water, ensuring efficient cooling.
48
How does simple distillation work?
It involves boiling the liquid and condensing its vapor.
49
What should we do if the solution is volatile?
The beaker containing the distillate should be cooled by a container filled with ice and heating should be carried out using a water bath.
50
What is fractional distilllation used for?
It separates a mixture of miscible liquids with different boiling points.
51
What is the fractioning column for?
The column contains many glass beads. Ethanol gas will pass through the column into the condenser. However, the water vapour will condense on the glass beads and re-enter the round bottom flask.
52
What is chromatography used for?
A technique of using a solvent to separate a mixture into its components.
53
What is the procedure to do chromatography?
1. Apply a spot of testing material above the start line to the paper. 2. Dip the paper in ethanol or water. 3. Spray with a locating agent to identify any colourless spots.
54
When can a locating agent be used?
When there are no results obtained.
55
What is the principle behind paper chromatography?
Separation is based on solubility of the component in the solvent.
56
How do we determine if a substance is pure?
1. Check if they have a fixed melting/boiling point 2. Performing chromatography.
57
What do impurities do to the melting point of a solid?
It lowers the melting point of a solid.
58
What do impurities do to the boiling point of a liquid?
It increases the boiling point of the liquid

Chemistry (4 decks)

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