CHAPTER 1- EXPLORING THE MICROBIAL WORLD

Question 1

also called microbes, life forms too small to be seen by the naked eye

Answer 1

Microorganism

Question 2

microorganisms typically live in complex ________, their activities are regulated by interactions with each other, with their environment, and with other organisms

Answer 2

Microbial communities

Question 3

those microbes that causes diseases

Answer 3

pathogens

Question 4

is a collection of cells that have been grown in or on a nutrient medium

Answer 4

microbial culture

Question 5

is a liquid or solid nutrient mixture that contains all of the nutrients required for a microorganism to grow

Answer 5

medium

Question 6

refers to the increase in cell numbers as a result of cell division

Answer 6

growth

Question 7

a single microbial cell placed on a solid nutrient medium can grow and divide into millions of cells that forms a visible ______

Answer 7

colony

Question 8

seperates the insides of a cell, the cytoplasm, from the outside

Answer 8

cytoplasmic membrane

Question 9

is a mixture of macromolecules, small organic molecules, varios inorganic ions and ribosomes

Answer 9

cytoplasm

Question 10

example of proteins, lipids, nucleic acid, and polysaccharides

Answer 10

macromolecules

Question 11

are the structures responsible for protein synthesis and are found in all cells

Answer 11

ribosomes

Question 12

lends structural strenght to the cell, relatively permeable structure located outside the cell membrane and is much stronger layer than the membrance itself

Answer 12

cell wall

Question 13

animal cells have cell wall, true or false?

Answer 13

false

Question 13

plant cell and most microorganism have cell wall, true or false?

Answer 13

true

Question 14

two major structural classes of cells

Answer 14

prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Question 15

found int the phylogenetic domain eukarya, includes plants and animals also microbial eukaryotes such ah algae, protozoa, and fungi

Answer 15

eukaryotic cells

Question 16

eukaryotic cells contain an assortment of membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic structures.

Answer 16

organelles

Question 17

all cells also possess a DNA genore, true or false?

Answer 17

true

Question 17

complement of all genes in a cell

Answer 17

genome

Question 17

a segment of DNA that encodes a protein or an RNA molecule

Answer 17

gene

Question 18

in eukaryotes, DNA is present as several linear molecules within the membrane-enclosed ______

Answer 18

nucleus

Question 18

a mass visible in the electron microscope

Answer 18

nucleoid

Question 19

small circles of DNA distinct from that of the chromosome, typically contain genes that are not essential and confer some special property on the cell

Answer 19

plasmids

Question 19

the genomes or ______ and ______ are typically small and compact and most contains 500 and 10,000 genes encoded by 0.5 to 10 million base pairs

Answer 19

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 19

microcial cell typically live in groups called _______

Answer 19

microbial communities

Question 19

taking up nutrients from the environment and transforming them into new cell material and waste product.

Answer 19

metabolism

Question 19

those proteins that have catalytic activity, are required to carry out reactions that supply the energy and precursors necessary for the biosynthesis of all cell component

Answer 19

enzymes

Question 20

process by which the information on DNA is copied into an RNA molecule

Answer 20

transcription

Question 21

process whereby the information on an RNA molecule is used by a ribosome to sythesize a protein

Answer 21

tranlation

Question 21

microbial growth requires replication of the genome through the process of _____

Answer 21

DNA replication

Question 22

result in the formation of modified cells specialized for growth, dispersal, and survival

Answer 22

differentiation

Question 22

typically by self- propulsion, allows cells to relocate in response to environmental conditions

Answer 22

motility

Question 23

cells respond to chemical signals in their environment, including those produced by other cells of either the same or different species, and these signal offen trigger new cellular activities. microbial cells exhibit ________;they are "aware" of their neighbors and can respond accordingly.

Answer 23

intercellular communication

Question 23

is a structure found in bacteria that makes it more resistant to inoculation.

Answer 23

spore

Question 24

many prokaryotic cells can also exchange genes with neighboring cells, either of the same or different species, in the process of __________

Answer 24

horizontal gene transfer

Question 24

results when genes in a population of cell change sequence and frequently over time, leading to descent with modification

Answer 24

evolution

Question 25

how old is earth?

Answer 25

4.6 billion years old

Question 26

when did microbial cells first appear?

Answer 26

3.8 and 4.3 million years ago

Question 27

organisms that harvest energy from the sunlight

Answer 27

prototrophic microorganisms

Question 27

early prototrophs lived in structures called

Answer 27

microbial mats

Question 27

3 major lineage of microbial cells are

Answer 27

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 27

the 3 major cell lineage are called _______, and all known cellular organisms belong to one of there 3 ______

Answer 27

domains