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STS > CHAPTER 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Originated from the Latin word “Scientia,” which means to know.

A

Science

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2
Q

first and most fundamental goal of science is

A

to describe

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3
Q

Who says, “anything that goes up must go down”?

A

Isaac Netwon

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4
Q

The next goal of science is

A

to predict

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5
Q

The last and ultimate goal of science is

A

to explain

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6
Q

Two major fields of Science

A

Natural Science and Social Science

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7
Q

It deals with the scientific research of social, cultural, economic, psychological, and political forces that guides the individual in their actions.

A

Social Science

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8
Q

It deals with the study of the universe and the physical world.

A

Natural Science

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9
Q

It concerns with the study of living things, life cycles, adaptations, and interaction with their environment

A

Biological Science

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10
Q

It refers to the study of non-living things.

A

Physical Science

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11
Q

It refers to the study of the earth and the systems in space.

A

Earth Science

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12
Q

It deals with the study of animals of all kinds, from tiny insects to giant mammals

A

Zoology

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13
Q

It deals with the study of plants

A

Botany

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14
Q

It is the study of the organisms, the environment, and how they interact with each other.

A

Ecology

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15
Q

It deals with matter, their properties, behavior, and its composition.

A

Chemistry

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16
Q

studies the basic principles that govern the physical world around us. Mostly, it
deals with concepts related to motion, force, energy, matter, heat, light, sound, charges, mass, and atoms.

A

Physics

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17
Q

It deals with the study of weather and the atmosphere. This field, tells us if a specific area has low pressure, or if it will be a rainy day, or a sunny day.

A

Meteorology

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18
Q

It deals with the heavenly bodies and the phenomena happening outside the earth’s atmosphere. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and comets.

A

Astronomy

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19
Q

It is concerned with the study of the earth. The study includes its composition, structure, and the processes it undergoes in time.

A

Geology

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20
Q

It deals with the study of society and its structural relationship and interactions. That is, from a small and personal group to a large group.

A

Sociology

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21
Q

It refers to the
154 study of the human mind and behavior. The discipline embraces all aspects of the human experience — from the functions of the brain to nations’ actions, from child development to care for aged.

A

Psychology

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22
Q

deals with the study of the governments and how they work. Its primary goal is to have a deeper human understanding of the forms and nature of political action, down to the development of theoretical tools, for interpreting politically meaningful phenomena.

A

Political Science

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23
Q

something human beings naturally crave

A

Knowledge

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24
Q

the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge, and remains an area of vibrant research.

A

Epistemology

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25
Q

Epistemology originates from a Greek word which means for knowledge.

A

Episteme

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26
Q

Author of “Is justified true belief, a knowledge?

A

Edmund Gettier

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27
Q

Tripartite definition of knowledge

A

Justified, True, Belief

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28
Q

The knowledge that something factually or honestly is the case; knowledge of facts.

A

Propositional Knowledge

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29
Q

It is called descriptive knowledge or declarative knowledge

A

Propositional Knowledge

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30
Q

It is the knowledge that focuses on how to perform a task, or how to do something.

A

Procedural Knowledge

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31
Q

Other term of Procedural Knowledge

A

Implicit or Ability Knowledge

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32
Q

This knowledge gained through firsthand involvement or experiences. It is also known as knowledge by acquaintance, which states that to know, one must have to do with being familiar with something.

A

Personal Knowledge

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33
Q

It is the study that uses formal systems to generate knowledge

A

Formal Science

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34
Q

It is an area of study that uses experience, especially of the senses, to derive the only source of knowledge.

A

Empirical Science

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35
Q

Outlined the scientific method in the year 1561 to 1626

A

Francis Bacon

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36
Q

It is a series of steps, but know that new information may lead a scientist to do some back up and repetition of steps at any point during the process.

A

Scientific Method

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37
Q

Hammer stones are one of the earliest tools referred to as

A

Oldowan toolkit

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38
Q

Humans have started smelting copper because of its durability and hardness, making it better for tools and weapons.

A

Bronze Age

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39
Q

Who practiced magical enchantments with the aid of medicinal prescriptions when persons became ill?

A

Mesopotamians

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40
Q

Sumerian period school system known as the tablet house or

A

edubba

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41
Q

a man who studied theological, botanical, zoological, geographical, mathematical, grammatical, and linguistic knowledge is known to be an expert or

A

ummia

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42
Q

a pyramidal stepped temple tower

A

Ziggurat

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43
Q

a writing system invented by the Sumerians and was borrowed by their neighbors then later used and developed by other civilizations or empires

A

Cuneiform

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44
Q

a picture of a star represents

A

heaven

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45
Q

the sign represents the word ___ which means god

A

dignir

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46
Q

served as the deciphering civilization of the Sumerian writing scripts allowing transcriptions and putting of meaning.

A

Akkadians

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47
Q

After the fall of the Akkadians and the division of cities and people King Hammurabi unified the divided cities in Mesopotamia through his code of laws or the

A

Hammurabi’s Code

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48
Q

built tall mounds to raise them higher from the ground, dug canals for land irrigation and fertile farming, created aqueducts for channeling water in different areas for drinking and span for about 30 miles.

A

Assyrians

49
Q

they became the center of alchemy research in the Mediterranean

A

Egyptians

50
Q

created bricks with appropriate ratios for the stability of their buildings to be built as evident in Indus Valley Civilization during the 4th millennium BC.

A

Indians

51
Q

The use of the decimal system on counting boards originated in

A

China

52
Q

explained how the cosmos became in order. They have postulated explanations for the natural phenomena like why land floats on water and earthquakes.

A

Greek philosophers

53
Q

The people studying the natural world are called

A

Natural Philosophers

54
Q

He proposed the division of matter into four elements: earth –water–air – fire

A

Empedocles of Agrigente

55
Q

He developed five significant points where the atomic theory was based

A

Democritus of Abdera

56
Q

He theorized that tiny particles called “atomos” made up all materials –indivisible in his theory on Atomism.

A

Leucippus Melitus

57
Q

created a better “Geocentric Model.” He wrote Almagest which is also known as(Astronomy book)

A

Claudius Ptolemy

58
Q

They provided manuscripts named Codex that used the method of glass blowing and constructed concrete, dams, and amphitheaters.

A

Romans

59
Q

He is the first to introduce the concept of heliocentric theory model of the solar system.

A

Aristarchus of Samos

60
Q

He supported Empedocles’ concept with an additional notion of “qualities” (hot-cold – wet-dry) as essential elements, also known as the Element Theory.

A

Aristotle

61
Q

the highest element that permeates all nature and is the substance composing the celestial bodies

A

Quintessence

62
Q

is the platform for accelerated
56 progress in the scientific community. Notable scientists made significant contributions to the rebirth of science after the sudden turn off of science.

A

Renaissance

63
Q

helped facilitate the information at a faster pace and be available to the people by inventing printing press

A

Johannes Guttenberg

64
Q

favored Heliocentric Theory, for it was “pleasing to the mind” rather than rational observations

A

Nicholas Copernicus

65
Q

He proved Copernicus theory through mathematic and gathered information through night observation. He demonstrated that planets moved in an elliptical orbit and determined the cause of Earth’s tide (due to the rotation of the moon)

A

Johannes Kepler

66
Q

Father of Experimental Science. The first person to study the sky with the use of a telescope and noted some moons of Jupiter

A

Galileo Galilei

67
Q

Father of Modern Western Philosophy. He promoted that science is grounded in observation and experiment. He conceptualizes the idea of never accepting anything as accurate unless all reasons of doubt can be ruled out. Also, he proposed that knowledge can be acquired thru logic and mathematics and developed Analytic Geometry.

A

Rene Descartes

68
Q

Father of Empiricism

A

Francis Bacon

69
Q

provided accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations

A

Tycho Brahe

70
Q

He conceived the ideas of differential and integral calculus independently.

A

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

71
Q

The transition to 18th century

A

Age of Reason

72
Q

Formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation and the Laws of Motion and the Corpuscular Theory

A

Isaac Newton

73
Q

Showed the electrical force between charges as affected by the charge magnitude and the separation distance, known as Coulomb’s Law

A

Charles Coulomb

74
Q

Developed a practical steam engine and became the cheap source of power

A

James Watt

75
Q

In 1714, he created mercury-filled thermometer basing on the freezing and boiling point of water

A

Gabriel Fahrenheit

76
Q

Showed that Newton’s Laws applied to comets and he analyzed the pattern of occurrences of comets.

A

Edmond Halley

77
Q

provided evidence of the conservation of mass and published articles explaining the role of oxygen in the burning of objects

A

Antoine Lavoisier

78
Q

focused on the astronomical research giving the discovery of periodic comets named after her, 35P/Herschel Rigollet

A

Caroline Herschel

79
Q

the first woman to earn professorship at a university. She provided experimental research on Franklinian Electricity.

A

Laura Bassi

80
Q

By the entry of the 19th century, coined “scientist” in 1833.

A

William Whewell

81
Q

Creation of electric battery known as voltaic pile thereby improving the study of electric currents.

A

Alessandro Volta

82
Q

Proposed the theory of evolution, proposing that all species have descended over time from common ancestors.

A

Charles Darwin

83
Q

Discovery on the principles of vaccination, fermentation by use of bacteria and pasteurization

A

Louis Pasteur

84
Q

formulation of the periodic law and the creation of the Periodic Table of Elements

A

Dmitri Mendeleev

85
Q

introduced the concept of a rotating magnetic field

A

Nikola Tesla

86
Q

Recognized for his invention of dynamite and the creation of the Nobel Prize.

A

Alfred Nobel

87
Q

Man first landed on the moon with the help of

A

Aerospace Engineering

88
Q

Worked together with her husband, Pierre Curie, and discovered two new elements: polonium and uranium and coined the term “radioactivity.”

A

Marie Curie

89
Q

He is a German-born theoretical physicist who had shaken the foundations of classical mechanics with his postulates on Relativity, Photoelectric Effect, and General Theory of Relativity.

A

Albert Einstein

90
Q

Invented the Polio vaccine during the epidemic on Polio

A

Jonas Salk

91
Q

together with Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin discovered the helical structure of DNA, basis for molecular biology

A

James Watson

92
Q

Revolutionized the foundation of modern computers, Artificial Intelligence, CAPTCHA, and the Turing Test Tu Youyou (1930 until Present), Discovered a new treatment for malaria which helped people globally

A

Alan Turing

93
Q

The first draft of the Human Genome Project was published until its completion last 2003.

A

2001

94
Q

What year does isolation and synthesis of graphene, the monolayer carbon atoms with promising quantum electrical properties discovered?

A

2004

95
Q

Self-Replicating, synthetic bacterial cells were constructed; Neanderthal Genome Project’s findings were first presented on?

A

2010

96
Q

When is the discovery of Higgs boson at CERN, confirming where matter acquired its mass?

A

2012

97
Q

CRISPR means _____ that can pave the way for potent gene-editing tools that will make sweeping changes to any organism’s DNA.

A

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

98
Q

Traces of liquid water were found on the surface of Mars.

A

2015

99
Q

The first evidence of gravitation waves from GW170817 was observed by LIGO/Virgo Collaboration confirming Einstein’s predictions.

A

2016

100
Q

First image of Black Hole was captured.

A

2019

101
Q

The isolation and sequencing of SARS-CoV-2, a contagious virus originated from Wuhan, China that causes Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic

A

2020

102
Q

comes from the Greek word “paradeigma,” which means a pattern or an example

A

paradigm

103
Q

He referred paradigmt as the underlying conceptual framework containing all the commonly accepted views on a specific field.

A

Thomas Kuhn

104
Q

a series of extreme revolution where every revolution leads to either the addition or replacement of an old conceptual world view with a new one

A

Paradigm Shift

105
Q

It is a sort of metamorphosis, a transformation, a change from one way of perception to another.

A

Paradigm Shift

106
Q

Thomas Kuhn described paradigm shift in his book entitled

A

“The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”

107
Q

It is the fifth and
45 the last step of a simple cycle of progress

A

Paradigm Shift

108
Q

The cycle is preceded by

A

Prescience

109
Q

Five significant steps in Kuhn’s cycle

A

normal science, model drift, model crisis, model revolution, and paradigm shift.

110
Q

it is the pre-step to the primary Kuhn cycle. In this stage, the field’s paradigm is not mature enough to explain and solve the field’s main problems.

A

Prescience

111
Q

it is the standard model of understanding and problem solving for a discipline.

A

Normal Science

112
Q

it refers to the discipline that starts to be faced with new questions or anomalies that the current model cannot address.

A

Model drift

113
Q

this model fails to resolve all problems, and unresolved anomalies appear in higher volume. Additionally, discipline practitioners can no longer patch the model.

A

Model Crisis

114
Q

in which one or more candidates appear to resolve the crisis, and the discipline struggles with a new model.

A

Model Revolution

115
Q

which held that material objects had essential natures that determined their behavior

A

Aristotle’s physics

116
Q

which held time and space to be the same everywhere, for all observers

A

Newtonian physics

117
Q

which holds time and space to be relative to the observer’s frame of reference

A

Einsteinian’s physics

118
Q

where the earth is the center of the universe

A

Ptolemy’s astronomy

119
Q

here the sun is the center of the universe

A

Copernican astronomy

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