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Kuwait History > Chapter 1: History > Flashcards

Chapter 1: History Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

The act of what created new bonds between the tribes?

A

Migrating and establishing a new community

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2
Q

*When did Kuwait gain its independence?

A

June 19,1961

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3
Q

Which tribe built the town of Kuwait?

A

Bani Khaled

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4
Q

What does Kuwait or grain mean?

A

Small castle / Fort

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5
Q

Which century did the Utub family arrive in Kuwait and where did they come from?

A

18th century, Central Arabia

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6
Q

Did all of the Utub settle in Kuwait?

A

No, some settled in Qatar and Bahrain

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7
Q

What does Utub mean?

A

Travel form place 2 place

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8
Q

Were the Utubs always considered a tribe?

A

No, they were loosely bound interrelated families, they had the identity of one tribe when they arrived in Kuwait

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9
Q

How did Kuwait originally begin earning a living?

A

Pearl diving, boat building, and trade

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10
Q

Which 2 areas were close trade partners of Kuwait in 18th century?

A

India & Africa

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11
Q

Kuwait was an important stop on trade routes of (which countries) going to (which area)

A

India
Persia
Arabia
Going to Europe

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12
Q

What benefit did Bani Khaled give to Kuwait?

A

Allowed Kuwait the space to grow

Offered protection from outside threats

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13
Q

How did Kuwait initially survive and develop a degree of autonomy given that it was a small area, and its location vulnerable to external powers?

A

Careful Diplomacy-(shifted alliance between Ottomans, European traders, and surrounding tribes according to needs)
Manipulation of local power

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14
Q

How did Utub rule Kuwait?

A

By adding political institutions (leadership being most important)

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15
Q

Who was the first Ruler of Kuwait and what was his family’s role?

A

Sheikh Sabah I

Explicit political functions (diplomatic relations and city security)

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16
Q

What were the three families of the Utub and their role?

A

Al Khalifah- sea industries (trading+ pearl)
Jalamah- coastal security
Sabah- diplomatic relations and city security

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17
Q

Who was the second sheikh of Kuwait?

A

Abdullah I

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18
Q

Why did Al Khalifah leave Kuwait?

A

They had a disagreement with Al-Sabah, wanted political power as well
Wanted to become wealthier merchants
(Left to Bahrain eventually)
*it was acceptable at that time for migration to take place

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19
Q

Is it true that the conflict with Al-Khalifah was severed after they left?

A

No, they maintained good relations after they left

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20
Q

Were the early Al-Sabah leaders absolute rulers?

A

No, they consulted with Al-Utub family
Also had good relations with nomadic tribes ( Bedouin)
These relations formed the basis of 20th century alliances

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21
Q

Were the Wahhabis considered allies during Abdullah I rule?

A

No, they posed a serious threat

Only fortified internal defenders and new external alliances saved them

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22
Q

Who was the first Sheikh that established relations with British East Indian Company, in which year, and what prompted the relations?

A

Sheikh Abdullah I in 1775 when Persians occupied Basra
Britain felt threatened by the Persians and routed their trade through Kuwait
Sheikh Abdullah housed the company’s Basra representatives for 2 years
*In return Britain protected Kuwait form Wahhabi attack

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23
Q

Who responded to the Wahhabi expansion and in which year?

A

The Ottomans, encouraged Mohammed Ali to launch an attack on them in 1881

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24
Q

How did Sheikh Abdullah II turn towards the Ottomans, and in which year?

A

By approaching them in a Kuwaiti alliance in exchange for autonomy
Even accepted the title of qaimmaqam )provincial governor) in 1871

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25
Which Sheikh severed Ottoman- Kuwaiti alliance?
Sheikh Mobarak
26
Who is considered the founder of modern Kuwait?
Sheikh Mobarak
27
How did Sheikh Mobarak begin his political career?
As the charge of desert security and tribal relations under Sheikh Mohammed rule
28
How did Sheikh Mobarak overthrow his brother Mohammed?, and in which year?
By coupling ambitions with popular, tribal and merchant dissatisfaction with Mohammed (Had a fear that Mohammed’s pro Ottoman policies risked Kuwait becoming part of Ottoman Empire) 1896
29
Which entities were concerned with Mubark’s rise to power?
``` The ottomans Ottoman allies (such as Al-Rashid tribe) ```
30
Which powers became Kuwait’s new allies after Mubarak came into power?
Al Saud- were given refuge Ibn Saud spend time in Mubarak’s court Britain- with a formal alliance
31
What was the major factors that prompted Britain to develop ties to Kuwait?
Safeguarding trade routes to India (Ottomans plans in the area) *Ottoman allowance to Germany for constructional a Berlin- Baghdad railroad with a line to Kuwait! *MOST IMP FACTOR
32
What date did Mobarak sign a treaty with Britain?, and what were the terms?
January 23, 1899 Britain supported Kuwait against Ottoman opposition in exchange for Exclusive relationship with Britain British control of Kuwait’s foreign policy
33
How did Mubarak send expeditions against Al-Rashid and why?
With help of Britain | Because they were enemies of Ibn Saud (Mubarak’s ally)
34
When was the first political agent sent to Kuwait?
1904 | By the time Mubarak died in 1915, Kuwait was a strong ally of Britain
35
In what way did the economy change under Mubarak’s rule?
From regional to British dominated world economic orientation Decreased the autonomy of Kuwait’s merchants, but increased Utub merchants power
36
When did Sheikh Mubarak establish seas & land custom administrations?
1899
37
Was Education a government institution under Mubarak rule?
No, it was in private hands, mainly oriented for merchants (accounting and other skills)
38
What was the first school In and when was it founded?
Mubarikiyya school | 1911-1912
39
What was Sheikh Mubarak’s most important political innovation?
Centralization of power to the ruler (more Authoritative)
40
Was the first Healthcare system public or privately owned?
Private, formed by Doctors from the Arabian Mission of the Dutch Reformed State In America
41
In what way did Mubarak centralize power to the hands of the ruler?
Naming himself ruler without consultation with Utub tribe, made decisions alone , alienating leading families
42
Who was the successor to Sheikh Mubarak, and what popular decision did he carry out?
Sheikh Jabir 1915-1917 | Repealed House and Land Taxes
43
What happened in the Battle of Jahra, when, and under which Sheikh?
The Ikhwan forces clashed outside Kuwait in spring of 1920 under Sheikh Salim rule Sheikh Salim built a wall to guard against attacks Kuwait reinforcement + tribal support +British forces resulted in a Kuwaiti victory
44
Why was the Battle of Jahra considered important?
It established Kuwaiti independence from Saudi Arabia Reinforced state’s growing identity Proved Sheikh Salim’s popularity as the tribes backed him up
45
What happened at the Uqair conference, and when?
1922 Contract between KSA and Kuwait with Britain as the mediator Delimited Kuwait’s borders with KSA Granted KSA a large chunk of Kuwaiti territory Reduced Kuwait;a area to 1/3 of previous (Ensured the end of Expansionist ambitions)
46
Which Sheikh introduces a security apparatus, decided Kuwait into sections with a local overseer?
Sheikh Salim
47
What were the 2 main important events of Sheikh Ahmed in general?
Economic (oil discovery) | Political (Majlis movement)
48
Why did Kuwait face an economic recession under Sheikh Ahmed’s rule?
Because of a Saudi embargo against Kuwaiti goods from 1923-1937 because of low taxes in Kuwait Refusal of: Placing Tariffs on goods going from Kuwait to KSA Placements of a Saudi tax collector in Kuwait!
49
What were other factors other than Saudi embargo that helped bring about Economic recession in Kuwait under Sheikh Ahmad’s rule?
Territorial loss Japan cultured pearls, reducing price of Gulf pearls
50
Why did some merchants turn from Saudi Arabia to Iraq when Sheikh Ahmed was the ruler?
Because of the Saudi blockade, high Saudi taxes
51
When was the first geological survey team send to Kuwait to look for Oil (British Oil a company)
1913
52
Eastern and General Syndicate got permission from Ibn Saud and Sheikh Ahmed to look for oil where?
In the neutral zone
53
What was KOC initially?
A joint oil company composed of both BP and Gulf (American company) Made in 1932 (supposed to have joint venture for 75 years)
54
When did KOC Become fully Kuwaiti owned?
1975
55
How was the occasion of paying taxes considered somewhat advantageous for merchants?
They would use the event to express their views on political life
56
Why did leading pearl merchants leave Kuwait in 1909?
To protest the new imposed taxes by sheikh Mubarak (returned only after retraction of the taxes and a virtual apology!)
57
When was a twelve man council consisting of the leading merchants made?
Following Sheikh Salem’s death (1921) | Wanted a say in ruling family after Mubarak’s authoritative ruling
58
How did Oil revenues change political relationships?
It threatened to remove taxes on merchants (would no longer have a say on ruling) 1935 was Sheikh Ahmed’s 1st oil payment from KOC
59
How did merchants try to remain in control over political affairs following Oil’s discovery?
Merchants argued that oil revenues should be considered state funds and should be funneled through the 12 men body and be used for development of (health, education, and infrastructure)
60
When did the Majlis movement first arise, and what happened?
1938 Merchants began to organize politically 1st in the institutions of (Education + Kuwait municipalities) Later, a say in succession,public policy and the expansion of social services)
61
When did the merchants organize a Legislative Assembly and organize Kuwait’s first political party (National Bloc)?
June 1938 under Majlis Movement
62
Which Sheikh did the merchants find allies with in 1938?
Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim
63
What areas did the Majlis have the right to pass law In 1938, and what specific enactments were made?
``` Security Finance Social policy Foreign policy Passed laws that Opened schools Introduced reforms in the judicial system Began new construction projects ```
64
When was the assembly dissolved?
December 1938
65
What were the 2 main reasons the assembly failed?
The opposition was unable to expand the merchants base into unifying the movement Opposition looked to forces outside Kuwait, compromising Kuwait’s security (losing popular support)
66
Why did the merchants approach the British political agent?
To offer them some support (it was uncertain)- They said that the movement’s strength was underestimated They tried to remove its ties to anti British Iraqi forces
67
Why did Britain side with the Sheikh in Dec 1938?
They were concerned that the assembly would become a National institution and could take a look at Oil issues Realized they had too much power This turned the merchants into the nationalist force they feared
68
Why did Iraq claim that Kuwait was part of Iraq?
Because of the never ratified Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, declared Kuwait as an autonomous region of the Ottoman Empire (Which Iraq was a part of)
69
When did Iraqi foreign minister claim that Kuwait was part of Iraq and offer support for the opposition movement?
1938
70
What was the consequence of the opposition movement being dismantled?
Sheikh Ahmed had little restraints as to how to spend his revenues
71
When was the first barrel of oil exported?
1946
72
Which Sheikh followed Sheikh Ahmed?
Sheikh Abdullah Al Salim
73
Why is national day celebrated 25 feb?
Because that was the day that sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim got ‘crowned’- he had a big role in bringing up Kuwait Poverty & Dependent-> Rich & Independent
74
What were some social programs Sheikh Abdullah Al Salim implemented?
Free healthcare & Education Welfare benefits Guaranteed State employment Government paid Kuwaitis to go abroad for treatment & education
75
Why were the Oil revenues in the 50s considered a ‘mixed blessing?’
Large sums of money were spent on poorly designed projects- Kuwait was on the Verge of bankruptcy! Sheikh Abdullah Al Salim blamed the British representatives who tried to force their advisors on the government
76
How did Kuwait’s increasing oil revenue and expanding market in the 50s affect Britain?
Britain become more involved with Kuwait, rather than a political relationship it took on an Economical one, increasing its influence- encouraged the government to invest in British firms- which were inefficient
77
How did Sheikh Abdullah Al Salem react to the economic crisis of the 50s?
Called a stop to nonessential state spending Sent contractors home Turned ships away from harbor
78
Why did Britain grant Kuwait independence in June 19 1961?
Sheikh Abdullah Al Salim stopped listening to British Political advisors and minimized British contractors, Britain saw that it had little to gain from this new relationship
79
What was Sheikh Abdullah Al Salim’s last accomplishment following independence?
Setting up a Constituent Assembly to draft the constitution
80
Why was it considered unusual that Shekih Abdullah AlSalim nominated sheikh Sabah AlSalim as heir?
Because of the previous alternation in lineage between Sheikh Jabir and Sheikh Salim
81
When was the Constitution signed?
1962
82
Under which Sheikh was Kuwait’s first foreign minister appointed?
Sheikh Sabah Al Salim
83
Under which leadership did Kuwait assume full ownership of KOC?
Sabah Al Salim
84
What actions suggest that Sheikh Sabah-Al-Salim was more authoritative than Sheikh Abdullah Al Salem?
Instituting press controls Limiting public assembly Deporting suspicious foreigners Interfering in the electoral process
85
What series of crises did Sheikh Jabir Al Ahmad see?
Economic problems (oil price decline) Political problems (2nd dissolution of assembly 1986) Pro democracy movement of 1990 Iraqi invasion 1990

Kuwait History (4 decks)

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