Chapter 1 - History and foundations

Question 1

What is structuralism

Answer 1

Breaking the consciousness into parts

Question 2

What is functionalism?

Answer 2

An approach that saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival

Question 3

Who wrote Principles of Psychology?

Answer 3

William James

Question 4

Who coined the term “stream of consciousness?”

Answer 4

William James

Question 5

Which type of psychology emerged while structuralists and gestalt psychologists continued their arguments (hint: what replaced gestalt psych?)

Answer 5

Functionalism

Question 6

Psychology is a hub science, meaning it can:

Answer 6

Have many influences on other professions

Question 7

The mind is:

Answer 7

The brain and its activities

Question 8

What is Behaviour

Answer 8

is any action that we can observe

Question 9

What is Voluntarism

Answer 9

An approach that emphasizes the role of will and choice in determining thoughts, perceptions and behaviour

Question 10

Who is behind voluntarism?

Answer 10

William Wundt

Question 11

Who expanded the idea of structuralism?

Answer 11

Edward Titchener

Question 12

What is Gestalt psychology

Answer 12

Studying psychology as a whole?

Question 13

Which type of psychology is the opposite of Gestalt psychology?

Answer 13

Structuralism

Question 14

Who founded Gestalt psychology?

Answer 14

Max Wertheimer

Question 15

What is introspection?

Answer 15

The personal observation of our own thoughts, feelings and behaviours.

Question 16

Why were early efforts that relied on introspection to study mental processes unsatisfactory?

Answer 16

It is difficult for others to confirm your introspections, therefore the approach does not align with the scientific method.

Question 17

What is behaviourism?

Answer 17

An approach that features the study and measurement of observable behaviours?

Question 18

Behaviourism drew heavy inspiration from their observations of animals (and their relation to humans) from:

Answer 18

Darwin

Question 19

An example of Pavlovian conditioning is:

Answer 19

A dog’s ability to salvitate in response to the arrival of food.

Question 20

What does pavlovian conditioning help us understand?

Answer 20

The links that we make between environmental cues and our emotions

Question 21

John B Watson experimented with what animal?

Answer 21

Rats

Question 22

What approach did John B Watson invent?

Answer 22

Blank state approach

Question 23

Who proposed the law of effect

Answer 23

Edward throndike

Question 24

Who, along with Watson, experimented with Rats?

Answer 24

BF Skinner

Question 25

Who invented the theory of operant conditioning?

Answer 25

BF Skinner

Question 26

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 26

Describes how behavior can be shaped through reinforcement and punishment.

Question 27

What is cognitive psychology

Answer 27

The study of information processing, thinking, reasoning and problem solving.

Question 28

What was the cognitive revolution

Answer 28

Breakthroughs in computer technology allowing cognitive psychologists to use mathematic computer models to study mental processes.

Question 29

What was cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 29

An approach to psychology that focuses on understanding the links between cognition and brain activity

Question 30

What are the two major roots of psychology?

Answer 30

Philosophy and natural sciences

Question 31

Philosophers like aristotle believed that knowledge is gained through what type of experience?

Answer 31

Sensory

Question 32

It was concluded that participants reacted faster when their thighs were touched compared to their toe because the thigh is close to the brain. Who was the psychologist behind this?

Answer 32

Helmholtz

Question 33

Who conducted the first experiments in psychology?

Answer 33

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 34

Who first believed that conscious experience could be scientifically studied?

Answer 34

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 35

Who viewed reaction time as mental chronometry? (meaning he believed that reaction time provided a measure of the amount of mental processing required to carry out a task)

Answer 35

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 36

Who founded the first psychology lab in British Commonwealth at UofT

Answer 36

James Mark Baldwin

Question 37

Who was the first canadian woman to complete her doctoral dissertation on a psychological topic

Answer 37

Emma Sophia Baker

Question 38

Who invented psychodynamic theory?

Answer 38

Sigmund Freud

Question 39

Who founded the study of personality in psychology?

Answer 39

Sigmund Freud

Question 40

Who were the two psychologists that were strong believers in behaviourism?

Answer 40

Freud and James

Question 41

What is humanistic psychology?

Answer 41

An approach that saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve

Question 42

Who contributed humanistic psychology to the growing psychology movement?

Answer 42

Abraham Maslow

Question 43

What type of psychology believed that humans were innately good, and only behave badly when corrupted by society?

Answer 43

Humanistic psychology

Question 44

Who invented client centered therapy

Answer 44

Carl Rogers

Question 45

What is biological psychology?

Answer 45

The psychological perspective that focuses on the relationships between mind and behaviour, as well as their underlying biological processes, including genetics, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology

Question 46

What is another term for biological psychology?

Answer 46

Behavioural neuroscience?

Question 47

What is evolutionary psychology?

Answer 47

Approach that emphasizes inherited, adaptive aspects of behaviour and mental processes.

Question 48

What is the branch of the biological perspective that investigates how physical structure and behaviour have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction?

Answer 48

Evolutionary pscyhology

Question 49

What is cognitive psychology?

Answer 49

A psychological perspective that investigates information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

Question 50

What is developmental psychology?

Answer 50

A psychological perspective that examines the normal changes in behaviour that occur across the life span.

Question 51

What is personality psychology?

Answer 51

An individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Question 52

What is clinical psychology?

Answer 52

A psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviours.

Question 53

A psychologist studying personality wants to recognize the variations between individuals' characteristic ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. What type of approach should they take?

Answer 53

Individual differences

Question 54

Jaime is a psychology student and is most interested in the processes behind memory, sensation and perception, intelligence, and how people use and store information from their environments. One could say that Jaime is most interested in studying what type of psychology?

Answer 54

Cognitive psychology