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Psychology > Chapter 1: History of Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: History of Psychology Flashcards

0
Q

Another word for mental processes

A

Cognitive

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1
Q

Psychology

A

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

What is behavior?

A

Anything you can observe (talking, facial expressions, movement), measure, (Frequency, duration, amplitude), or quantify (how often, how long).

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3
Q

What cant you do when observing behavior?

A

Cant make a cause and effect statement

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4
Q

Behavioral neuroscience

A

Studies the links among brain, mind, and behavior

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5
Q

Biological psychology

A

The study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavior and thought

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6
Q

Personality psychology

A

The study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in people’s behavior across time and situations

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7
Q

Social psychology

A

The study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior

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8
Q

clinical psychology

A

The treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological healtj

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9
Q

Health psychology

A

The study of the role psychological factors play in regard to health and illness

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10
Q

Educational psychology

A

The study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching.

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11
Q

Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology

A

Application of psychological concepts and questions to work settings

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12
Q

Sports psychology

A

The study of psychological factors in sports and exercise

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13
Q

Forensic psychology

A

Field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice

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14
Q

Shamans

A

Medicine men or women who treat people with mental problems by driving out their demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers

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15
Q

Asylums

A

Facilities for treating the mentally ill in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century

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16
Q

Moral treatment

A

19th-century approach to treating the mentally ill with dignity in a caring environment

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17
Q

Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud the father of)

A

A clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders; assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior

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18
Q

Empiricism

A

The view that all knowledge and thoughts come from ecperience

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19
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli such as light, sound waves, and touch

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20
Q

Structuralism

A

19th century school of psychology that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior

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21
Q

Introspection

A

The main method of investigation for structuralists; it involves looking into one’s own mind for information about the nature of conscious experience

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22
Q

Functionalism

A

19th century school of psychology that argued it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts

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23
Q

Behaviorism

A

A school of psychology that proposed that psychology can be a true science only if it examined observable behavior – not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives

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24
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

A theory of psychology that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential

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25
Q

Positive psychology

A

Scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning

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26
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

A theory of psychology that maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts

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27
Q

Softwiring

A

All biological systems involved in thought and behavior (genes, brain structure, brain cells) are inherited yet are still open to modification from the environment

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28
Q

Nature through nurture

A

The position that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do

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29
Q

Evolution

A

The change overtime in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species

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30
Q

Natural selection

A

A feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another because it has an impact on reproduction

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31
Q

Adaptations

A

Inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been selected for because they contribute in some way to reproductive success

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32
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

The branch of psychology that studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors

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33
Q

What is fake psychology?

A

Astrology

34
Q

How is psychology empirical?

A

Measured or observed from experience rather than theory or pure logic

35
Q

Does psychology advance scientifically?

A

Yes

36
Q

What are the mental processes?

A

Thinking, feeling, and remembering

37
Q

Were the shamans prehistoric?

A

Yes

38
Q

What did the shamans do when using trephination for clinical psychology?

A

They would drill a small hole in a persons skull to release spirits and demons

39
Q

What were the ancient views of clinical psychology?

A

Focused on natural and physical explanations for disorders

40
Q

What did the ancient egyptians and greeks do for clinical psychology?

A

Used narcotics (drugs) to treat pain

41
Q

What was Hippocrates legacy in clinical psychology?

A

First person to document a phobia

42
Q

What did the ancient chinese do for clinical psychology?

A

Made connections between bodily organs and emotions

43
Q

What were the the medieval views on clinical psychology?

A

Supernatural causes were blamed. People mentally ill were thought to be possessed by demons, spirits, and the devil instead of physical disorders

44
Q

What was the medieval practice of inquisition?

A

A float test for witchcraft. If you floated, you were deemed a witch

45
Q

How were the medieval asylums like and what did it result in?

A

Conditions were deplorable and chaotic. Doctors wanted to put mentally ill out of sight, they were chained to walls and often left to die. It resulted in pioneers calling for the moral treatment of the mentally ill.

46
Q

Psychology is a new field that is how many years old?

A

125

47
Q

How did Aristotle (384-322 BC) view psychology?

A

The relationship between the soul and the body

48
Q

How did plato view psychology?

A

The soul could exist separately from the body?

49
Q

Rene Descartes believed in interactive dualism, which means

A

The mind and the body are separate entitied

50
Q

John Locke believed in Tabula rasa (or blank slate) which meant

A

Everyone is born into the same status or blank slate, no superiority

51
Q

Ernest weber, gustav fechner and hermann vin helmholtz were the first?

A

Experimental psychologists

52
Q

Wilhelm Wundt was a ‘what’ psychologist and the first to do?

A

Open a psychology labratory in leipzig germany

53
Q

Wilhelm Wundt main interests?

A

Sensory reaction time and interested in consciousness, trying to teach people introspect where people examined objects

54
Q

Edward Titchener’s, a ‘what’ psychologist that advanced Wilhem Wundts introspect ideas, logic of structuralism was about?

A

Breaking down an experience to its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior

55
Q

William James, a ‘why’ psychologist that started the first psychologist classes, was interested in what and what did his belief in functionalism mean?

A

Interested in how minds adapted instead of consciousness like Wilhem Wundt.

Functionalism ideas were that it was better to see how the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts. How does the mind allow people to function?

56
Q

Why was Sigmund Frueds modern view, psychoanalysis, popular?

A

Him and his colleagues cured illnesses such as blindness with mental tactics

57
Q

Who were William James students and what were their accomplishments?

A

G. Stanley hall (first phd in psychology awarded in US), Mary Whiton Calkins (first woman elected as president of APA, created psychological laboratory in wellesley college), Margaret Floy Washburn (first AMERICAN woman to earn phd in psychology)

58
Q

What did Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis emphasize?

A

Human behavior motivated by unconscious conflicts (sexual or aggressive) in nature.

Past experiences like childhood, as critical to formation of adult personality and behavior

59
Q

What were behaviorists against and what did it support?

A

Were against The study of unconsciousness.

Supported empirical science and behavior proven things

60
Q

How did behaviorists deal with phobias and used behavioral technique?

A

Instead of using thoughts or feelings, they attacked the problem by managing it such as making a person who fears heights experience taller heights

61
Q

Behaviorists wanted to discover the fundamental principles of?

A

Learning

62
Q

What was behaviorist John Watson’s Little Albert experiment?

A

Made babies afraid of white fluffy materials

63
Q

What did john watson apply behavioral techniques to?

A

Advertising

64
Q

was B.F skinner a behaviorist?

A

Yes

65
Q

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers specialized in what psychology?

A

Humanistic

66
Q

Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi specislize in what psychology?

A

Positive

67
Q

Describe the tree of psychology

A

Roots - origins, school of thought

middle - time

Branches - major perspectives of psychology

68
Q

What is the biological perspective?

A

Study of the physical bases of human and animal behavior

69
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships

70
Q

The behavioral perspective

A

How behavior is acquired by environmental forces

71
Q

The humanistic perspective?

A

Focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically

72
Q

Fredrick bartlett specialized in what psychology?

A

Cognitive

73
Q

What was Gestalt psychology?

A

Theory of psychology that maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts

(Ex an open circle still seen as circle)

74
Q

Cross cultural perspective

A

Studies the differences among cultures and the influences of culture on behavior

75
Q

Whats a clinical psychologists credentials?

A

Doctorate in psychology and training in treating psychological disorders

76
Q

Psychiatrist credentials?

A

Medical doctorate (M.D) degree and can prescribe medicine in addition to therapy (only ppl who can prescribe medicine or drugs, not psychologists)

77
Q

Psychoanalyst credentials

A

Either psychiatrist (m.d) or psychologist(phD, psyd or ed.D) that has special training of sigmund freud theories and method of psychoanalysis

78
Q

Doctoral degrees are dominated by which psychology field?

A

Clinical

79
Q

What is the nature vs nurture debate about?

A

Nature (environmental cause behavior) vs nurture (hereditary cause behavior)

80
Q

Todays consensus on nature vs nurture?

A

Both (n vs n) interact to produce specific developmental patterns and outcomes.

Question evolved: how and to what degree do environment and heredity both produce their results?

81
Q

What is the difference between structuralism and functionalism?

A

Structuralism - using introspection to break down ‘experience’ into parts

Functionalism - look at WHY the mind works the way it does

82
Q

Psych comes from the Greek word meaning

A

Mind

83
Q

William James was the first

A

American psychologist

Psychology (4 decks)

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