Chapter 1 (history/reversible) Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
Emperor Barbarossa poisons water wells with human bodies, Tortona, Italy
A
1155 (biotech Disadvanatge)
2
Q
Mongols catapult bodies of plague victims over the city
walls of Caffa, Crimean Peninsula
A
1346 (biotech disadvantage)
3
Q
Spanish mix wine with blood of leprosy patients to sell to their French foes, Naples, Italy
A
1495 (biotech disadvantage)
4
Q
Polish fire saliva from rabid dogs towards their enemies
A
1650 (biotech disadvantage)
5
Q
First deal between
German and French forces not to use ‘poison bullets’
A
1675 (biotech disadvantage)
6
Q
British distribute blankets from small pox patients to
native Americans
A
1763 (biotech disadvantage)
7
Q
Napoleon floods the plains around Mantua, Italy, to
enhance the spread of malaria
A
1797 (biotechnology disadvantage)
8
Q
Confederates sell clothing from yellow fever and
smallpox patients to
Union troops, US
A
1863 (biotech disadvantage)
9
Q
pathogen: Bacillus antracis
A
disease: Anthrax
10
Q
Pathogen: Clostridium botulinum
A
Disease: Botulism
11
Q
Pathogen: Marburg virus, Ebola virus
Arena viruses
A
Disease: Haemorrhagic fever
12
Q
Pathogen: Yersinia pestis
A
Disease: Plague
13
Q
Pathogen: Variola major
A
Disease: Smallpox
14
Q
pathogen: Francisella tularensis
A
Disease: Tularemia
15
Q
Pathogen: Brucella
A
Disease: Brucellosis
16
Q
Pathogen: Vibrio cholerae
A
Disease: Cholera
17
Q
Pathogen: Alphaviruses
A
Disease: Encephalitis
18
Q
Pathogens: Salmonella, Shigella
A
Disease: Food poisoning
19
Q
Pathogen: Burkholderia mallei
A
Disease: Glanders
20
Q
Pathogen: Chlamydia psittaci
A
Disease: Psittacosis
21
Q
Pathogen: Coxiella burnetti
A
Disease: Q fever
22
Q
Pathogen: Rickettsia prowazekii
A
Disease: Typhus
23
Q
Planting & Gathering
A
10 000 – 9000 BC (biotech history)
24
Q
Sumerians use yeast to
make beer & wine
A
6000 BC (biotech history)
25
Farming existence
5000 BC (biotech history)
26
Egyptians- used
yeast for bread & wine
4,000 BC (biotech history)
27
Early Farmers saved seeds
4,000 BC-1,600 AD (biotech history)
28
Peruvians select potatoes
3,000 BC-2,000 AD (biotech history)
29
Europe’s 1st hybrid plant by
Thomas Fairchild
1700-1720 (biotech history)
30
Cultivation of legumes
1750-1850 (biotech history)
31
Sumerians- Invented Brewing
process
1763 (biotech history)
32
Smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner
1796 (biotech history)
33
Pasteurization by Louis Pasture
1861 (biotech history)
34
Gregor Mendel – hereditary
1866 (biotech history)
35
crossbreed cotton
1870-1890 (biotech history)
36
Russet Burbank potato & later several new hybrid fruits
1871- 1900s (biotech history)
37
William James Beal - world’s 1ST Hybrid corn
= yellowish white corn
1879 (biotech history)
38
, Robert Koch observed the
growth of bacteria on potato
slices (1st ever solid medium for
the growth of microorganisms)
1881 (biotech history)
39
, Walther Flemming
(chromosomes)
1882 (biotech history)
40
, Louis Pasteur
developed the vaccine
against rabies
1885 (biotech history)
41
, 1st U.S. hybrid corn produced through self-pollination
1908 (biotech history)
42
production of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisea);
phages (viruses that only infect bacteria) were discovered
1915 (biotech history): 2
43
, the word ‘biotechnology’ coined by Hungarian
immigrant Karl Ereky.
1919 (biotech history)
44
, Flemming discovered the naturally
derived antibiotic penicillin from the
fungi Penicillium rubens;
described the impact of X-rays and
radium on barley mutation
1928 (biotech history): 2
45
, hybrid corn becomes available
commercially in the United States,
causing corn yields to triple over the past
50 years
1933 (biotech history)
46
, discovery that chemicals can cause mutations
1941 (biotech history)
47
, Avery, MacLeod & McCarty discover DNA is the genetic
molecule
1944 (biotech history)
48
, Watson and Crick describe the double helix structure of DNA,
providing more insight into how DNA carries genetic information
(remember Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, too).
1953 (biotech history)
49
, work on creating high yield varieties of major grains
launching the Green Revolution.
1960s (biotech history)
50
, discovery of restriction enzymes which opened the way
for gene cloning.
1971(biotech history)
51
, Cohen and Boyer successfully splice a gene from one
organism and move it into another, launching the modern
biotechnology era
1973 (biotech history)
52
, Boyer’s lab created a synthetic version of the human
insulin gene
1978 (biotech history)
53
, first transgenic animals are produced by
transferring genes from other animals into
mice.
1981 (biotech history)
54
, the first transgenic plant is produced- a
tobacco plant resistant to an antibiotic;
human insulin produced by Escherichia
coli, 1st production of modern biotech released
commercially through Genetic Engineering
1982 (biotech history): 2
55
, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, which
makes unlimited copies of genes and gene fragments, is
conceived.
1983 (biotech history)
56
, field trials for biotech plants that are resistant to insects,
viruses and bacteria are held in the United States.
1985 (biotech history)
57
, first recombinant vaccine is approved for human use:
hepatitis B and the first anti cancer drug is produced through
biotech: interferon
1986 (biotech history)
58
– DNA fingerprinting was used to convict a crime
suspect in UK.
1987 (biotech history)
59
, genetic modifications used to make chymosin, an
enzyme used in making hard cheese;
The Human Genome Project was launched, an
international effort to map all of the genes in the human
genome.
1990 (biotech history): 2
60
– 1st transgenic animal was born (Tracey), a sheep with
human genes for production of human therapeutic proteins in
her milk
1991 (biotech history)
61
China first to put GM crops
on sale, namely VR tobacco and a tomato
Late 1980s/Early 1990s, (biotech history)
62
, transgenic FlavrSavr® tomato is approved for
sale in U.S.
1994 (biotech history)
63
, GM tomato paste approved in the UK, 1ST
GM herbicide tolerant soya beans & insect
protected maize approved in the E.U; these crops
are known as the Bt crops.
1996 (biotech history)
64
, the birth of Dolly the sheep, the first animal
cloned from an adult cell
1997 (biotech history)
65
, human embryonic stem cell lines are established
1998 (biotech history)
66
, golden rice stimulates production of Vit. A and prevent blindness.
1999 (biotech history)
67
, the first entire plant genome is sequenced, Arabidopsis thaliana.
2000 (biotech history)
68
, U.S. and Canadian scientists develop a transgenic tomato that
thrives in salty conditions.
2001 (biotech history)
69
, the National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) study
found that six GM crops planted in the USA - soybeans, corn, cotton,
papaya, squash and canola produced an additional 4 billion pounds of
food and fiber on the same acreage, improved farm income;
draft of the human genome was published .
2002 (biotech history): 2
70
, farmers in 18 countries plant GM crops on 67.7 million
hectares;
SARS virus is sequenced three weeks after its
discovery
2003 (biotech history): 2
71
, farmers in 17 countries plant GM crops on 81.0 million hectares;
first cloned pet (a kitten, CopyCat or Cc) was delivered to
its owner.
2004 (biotech history)
72
, farmers in 21 countries plant GM crops on 90.0 million
hectares
2005 (biotech history)
73
, recombinant vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV)
receives FDA approval;
1st modern biotech drug was approved for release in
Europe (then in USA in 2009): anti-clotting protein produced in
goat milk.
2006 (biotech history): 2
74
, 1st blue rose was released commercially in Japan.
2009 (biotech history)
75
, Drs. J. Gurdon (Cambridge University) and S. Yamanka (Kyoto
University) won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
discovered that mature, specialized cells can be reprogrammed to
become immature cells, capable of developing into all tissues of the
body
2012 (biotech history)
76
, CRISPR-Cas9, a gene editing tool; discovered in bacteria,
operate like an immune system against invading viruses ^CRISPR
(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats).
2013 (biotech history)
77
, Ebola vaccine by Canada (Ebola was discovered in Africa,
outbreak in 2014-2016).
2015 (biotech history)
