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ONLINE PHYSIOLOGY > Chapter 1: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

the study of how the body functions. Many levels and integration (work together)

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2
Q

Pathophysiology

A

the physiologic basis of disease

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3
Q

Levels of organization

A

1) chemical
2) organelles
3) cells
4) tissues
5) organs
6) organ systems
7) organisms

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4
Q

Chemical level of organization

A

most simple level

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5
Q

Cells

A

basic structural and functional units of life (differentiate during development)
- 4 main types: muscle, nerve, connective tissue, and epithelial

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6
Q

Muscle cells

A

contract and generate movement

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7
Q

Nerve cells

A

initiate and conduct electrical signals

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8
Q

Connective Tissue Cells

A

connect, anchor, and support structures in the body

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9
Q

Epithelial Cells

A
  • Selective, secretion, and absorption of ions and organic molecules and for protection.
  • Cover and line the body’s surface.
  • Make glands and form absorptive cells in intestines and kidneys
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10
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of differentiated cells with similar properties

- 4 types: muscle (skeletal muscle/cardiac muscle/smooth muscle), nerve tissue, connective tissue, epithelial

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11
Q

Muscle Tissues

A
  • contract and generate movement of certain muscles

- 3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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12
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

movement of entire body

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13
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

contraction of the heart

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14
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

movement of internal organs

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15
Q

Nerve tissue

A

makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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16
Q

Connective tissue

A

bone, cartilage, and blood

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17
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers and lines body and lines organs and intestines

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18
Q

Organs

A

structures composed of 2+ tissues that perform a specific function and usually have a recognizable shape (i.e. heart, brain, lungs, liver, kidneys)

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19
Q

Functional Units of Organs

A

responsible for performing actual function of the organ (i.e. the nephron of a kidney)

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20
Q

Organ systems

A

collection of organs that work together to perform an overall function

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21
Q

Organism

A

most complex level of organization. Collection of organ systems that work together.

22
Q

Internal environment

A

fluids that surround the cells and exist in blood

23
Q

Fluid compartments

A

extracellular and intracellular

24
Q

Extracellular fluid

A
  • outside the cell
  • plasma component: 20-25% fluid in blood vessel
  • interstitial fluid: 75-80% directly surrounds cells
25
Intracellular fluid
fluid within cells
26
Compartmentilization
achieved via barriers (regulation of the movement of substances between compartments) - capillary membrane only lets certain things through
27
Body water
- 55-60% body weight in males (less in females because more fat and fat has less water in it) - 2/3 body water is intracellular, 1/3 extracellular
28
Homeostasis
- Maintenance of relatively stable internal environment - physiology variables maintained in narrow range of 'normal' that fluctuates around a setpoint - compensatory mechanisms restore conditions - dynamic process. Detects and responds to deviations in physio variables
29
Negative feedback
- MOST COMMON - response moves variable in opposite direction of original stimulus - moves back toward normal setpoint
30
Positive feedback
- exacerbates effect of original stimuli - accelerates a physiological pro - pregnant lady increases uterine contractions
31
Feedforward Regulation
- produces responses that improve the speed of homeostatic responses and minimizes deviation of the regulated variable from the set point - anticipates changes in regulated variables - minimizes distance to setpoint
32
Resetting of set points
- not all set points are static | - some may change or be reset for health purposes (i.e. get fever to kill viruses)
33
Homeostatic control systems
- are reflexes
34
Reflex and reflex arcs
- reflex: specific involuntary responses to a particular stimulus - reflex arc: pathway mediating the reflex with 3 components (receptor, integrating center, and effector)
35
Stimulus
change in environment
36
Receptor
detects change from stimuli | - very specific
37
integrating center
recieves input from receptor and determines the change need to be made to fix it. - determines the response
38
Effector
produces the response that changes the variable (usually a muscle or gland)
39
Response
actual response/change that occurs
40
Organ system that controls homeostasis
- nervous and endocrine systems
41
Nervous system control of homeostasis
nerve reflexes
42
Endocrine system control of homeostasis
hormones that circulate through blood and stimulate specific target cells (i.e. endocrine systems = integrating center and hormones = effectors)
43
Four chemical messengers that maintain homeostasis
hormones, neurotransmitters, paracrine substances, and autocrine substances
44
Hormones and Neurotransmitters
systemic levels
45
Paracrine substances
- locally | - paracrine released into the interstitial fluid by cells and effect nearby cells
46
Autocrine substances
affect the cells that release them
47
Three states of total-body balance
- negative balance - positive balance - stable balance
48
Negative balance
- loss exceeds gain (amount decreases overall)
49
Positive balance
- gain exceeds loss (amount increases overall)
50
Stable balance
- gain equals loss (amount stays the same)
51
pool
- body's readily available quantity of substance (amount present in ECF) - total amount of substance in body depends on the relative rates of net gain and net loss for particular substance - pool concentration depends on both total amount of substance in the body and upon exchanges of the substance within the body - potential inputs and outputs can effect the pool of a material

ONLINE PHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

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