Chapter 1: Human Body Orientation

Question 1

Complementarity of structure and function

Answer 1

function reflects structure

Question 2

Hierarchy of structural organization (6 levels)

Answer 2

1) chemical level, 2) cellular level, 3) tissue level, 4) organ level, 5) organ system level, 6) organismal level

Question 3

chemical level

Answer 3

includes atoms, molecules, organelles

Question 4

cellular level

Answer 4

includes cells

Question 5

tissue level

Answer 5

epithelial, muscle, connective, nerve, etc

Question 6

organ level

Answer 6

individual organ and function; organs are made up of different types of tissues; must have at least 2 tissues to be considered an organ; extremely complex functions become possible at this level

Question 7

organ system level

Answer 7

Integumentary, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, musculo-skeletal, digestive, endocrine, urinary; organs work together to accomplish a common purpose

Question 8

organismal level

Answer 8

human (entirety)

Question 9

homeostasis

Answer 9

maintaining internal stability, despite environmental changes

Question 10

gross anatomy (macroscopic)

Answer 10

study of structure visible with naked eye

Question 11

regional anatomy

Answer 11

all structures in a region (muscles, bones, nerves, etc.) are examined at the same time (leg, abdomen, etc.)

Question 12

systemic anatomy

Answer 12

system; body structure studied system by system

Question 13

surface anatomy

Answer 13

internal structure as it relates to skin surface

Question 14

microscopic anatomy

Answer 14

deals with structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye; includes cytology and histology

Question 15

cytology

Answer 15

study of cells

Question 16

histology

Answer 16

study of tissues

Question 17

developmental anatomy

Answer 17

study of structural changes throughout the lifespan

Question 18

embryology

Answer 18

study of developmental changes before birth

Question 19

physiology

Answer 19

also at the cellular level

Question 20

8 necessary life functions

Answer 20

1) boundaries, 2) move, 3) respond, 4) digest, 5) metabolism, 6) eliminate wastes, 7) reproduce, 8) grow

Question 21

5 survival needs

Answer 21

food, water, air, temperature, pressure

Question 22

homeostatic control mechanisms

Answer 22

variable (factor being regulated) receptor (sensor of changes), control center (determines set point), effector (output to stimulus) **Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mech.

Question 23

negative feedback mechanism

Answer 23

output shuts off or decreases original stimuli (ex. temp, blood glucose 100; insulin (decreases sugar); blood glucose 90; glucagon (increases sugar)

Question 24

positive feedback mechanism

Answer 24

rarely used; cascades out of control (ex. blood clot)

Question 25

anatomical position

Answer 25

Mountain pose, palms forward, thumbs out, own R&L

Question 26

body quadrants

Answer 26

Right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

Question 27

5 other cavities

Answer 27

1) mouth (oral)/digestive, 2) nasal, 3) orbital, 4) middle ear, 5) synovial (characteristic space between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid)

Question 28

Synovial

Answer 28

characteristic space between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid

Question 29

Afferent vs efferent

Answer 29

Opposites of each other; afferent (conducting inward), efferent (conveying away)

Question 30

Afferent

Answer 30

conducting or conducted inward or toward something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied)

Question 31

Efferent

Answer 31

Conveying away from a center, for example the efferent arterioles conveying blood away from the Bowman's capsule in the kidney. Opposite to afferent

Question 32

Anatomy

Answer 32

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Question 33

Physiology

Answer 33

Concerns the function of the body; how body parts work and carry out life sustaining activities

Question 34

Tissue

Answer 34

groups of similar cells that have a common function

Question 35

4 basic tissue types

Answer 35

1) epithelium, 2) muscle, 3) connective, and 4) nervous

Question 36

homeostatic imbalance

Answer 36

disturbance of homeostasis; disease is an imbalance

Question 37

Superior

Answer 37

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above (head is superior to the abdomen)

Question 38

Inferior

Answer 38

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below (navel is inferior to the chin)

Question 39

Ventral (anterior)

Answer 39

toward or at the front of the body; in front of (breastbone is anterior to the spine)

Question 40

Dorsal (posterior)

Answer 40

Toward or at the back of the body; behind (heart is posterior to the breastbone)

Question 41

Medial

Answer 41

Toward or at the midline o the body; on the inner side of (heart is medial to the arm)

Question 42

Lateral

Answer 42

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of (arms are lateral to the chest)

Question 43

Intermediate

Answer 43

between a more medial and a more lateral structure (collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder)

Question 44

Proximal

Answer 44

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

Question 45

Distal

Answer 45

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (the knee is distal to the thigh)

Question 46

Superficial (external)

Answer 46

toward or at the body surface (skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles)

Question 47

Deep (internal)

Answer 47

away from the body surface; (the lungs are deep to the skin

Question 48

Planes

Answer 48

most frequently used are frontal, sagittal and transverse

Question 49

Sagittal plane

Answer 49

Vertical

Question 50

Parasagittal plane

Answer 50

Vertical, offset

Question 51

Frontal plane

Answer 51

anterior/posterior

Question 52

Transverse plane

Answer 52

horizontal

Question 53

2 divisions of the dorsal body cavity

Answer 53

Cranial and vertebral/spinal

Question 54

2 divisions of the ventral body cavity

Answer 54

Thoracic (pleural and medistinal) & abdominopelvic (abdominal and pelvic)

Question 55

Serosa

Answer 55

Also called the serous membrane; a thin double layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs ** parietal and visceral

Question 56

Parietal serosa

Answer 56

part of the serosa membrane that lines the cavity walls (pericardium-heart, pleura-lung, peritoneum-intestine)

Question 57

Visceral serosa

Answer 57

part of the serous membrane that covers the organs in the cavity (pericardium-heart, pleura-lung, peritoneum-intestine)