Chapter 1 Human Organism (1.1-1.4)

Question 1

study of the structures of the human body
to dissect, cut apart, or separate

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

etymology: “ana”

Answer 2

to seperate

Question 3

etymology: “tomy”

Answer 3

to cut/slice

Question 4

2 basic approaches to study anatomy

Answer 4

Systemic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy

Question 5

study of the body by organ system
(ex: cardiovascular, nervous, etc)

Answer 5

Systemic Anatomy

Question 6

study of the organizations of the body
by areas (ex: head, abdomen, etc)

each/all systems are studied
simultaneously in that specific region

Answer 6

Regional Anatomy

Question 7

2 general ways to examine the internal structures of the body

Answer 7

Surface Anatomy
Anatomical Imaging

Question 8

deals with the processes or functions of living things

Answer 8

Physiology

Question 9

it is important to recognize structures as ——- rather than fixed and unchanging

Answer 9

dynamic

Question 10

what are the goals of physiology?

Answer 10

• to understand and predict the body’s response to
stimuli
• to understand how the body maintains internal
conditions within a narrow range of values in the
presence of continually changing internal and
external environments

Question 11

study of a specific organism, the
human

Answer 11

Human Physiology

Question 12

study of the structure and function of the human body

Answer 12

Anatomy and Physiology

Question 13

Anatomy and Physiology examines the relationship between the ——- of the body part and its ——

Answer 13

structure and function

Question 14

includes the structure of the body parts, their
microscopic organization, and the processes by which they
develop

Answer 14

Anatomy and Physiology

Question 15

changes in the environmental information

Answer 15

stimuli

Question 16

6 structural levels of the human body

Answer 16

chemical
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

Question 17

involves how atoms interact and
combine into molecules

Answer 17

Chemical Level

Question 18

structural and functional characteristics
of all organisms are determined by ———-

Answer 18

chemical makeup

Question 19

parts of cell level

Answer 19

cells & organelles

Question 20

basic structural and functional units of organisms

Answer 20

Cells

Question 21

formed by combinations of molecules

Answer 21

organelles

Question 22

“little organs”

Answer 22

organelles

Question 23

group of smaller cells and the materials surrounding them

Answer 23

tissue

Question 24

4 primary types of tissues

Answer 24

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

Question 25

epithelial tissue: Connective tissue: muscular tissue: nervous tissue:

Answer 25

skin blood muscle neurons

Question 26

composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common function

Answer 26

organ

Question 27

major organs of the body

Answer 27

brain spinl cord ling heart liver pancreas galbladder kidney large intestine urinary bladder spinal cord spleen stomach kidney small intestine

Question 28

• group of organs classified as a unit/system because of a common function or set of functions • coordinated activity of the organ system is necessary for normal function

Answer 28

organ system

Question 29

any living thing considered as whole

Answer 29

organism

Question 30

complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another

Answer 30

Human Organism

Question 31

etymology "physis"

Answer 31

nature

Question 32

chemicals in the body CHONPS

Answer 32

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Sulfur

Question 33

6 Characteristics of life

Answer 33

Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Development Reproduction

Question 34

(Characteristic of life) specific interrelationships among the individual parts of an organism, and how those parts interact to perform specific functions

Answer 34

Organization

Question 35

(Characteristic of life) sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism

Answer 35

Metabolism

Question 36

(Characteristic of life) ability to use energy to perform other vital functions such as growth, movement, and reproduction.

Answer 36

Metabolism

Question 37

(Characteristic of life) ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment, make adjustments, and help maintain its life includes both internal and external environment

Answer 37

Responsiveness

Question 38

(Characteristic of Life) increase in size of all or part of an organism can result from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells

Answer 38

Growth

Question 39

(Characteristic of Life) changes an organism undergoes through time starts when the egg is fertilized by the sperm and ends with death

Answer 39

Development

Question 40

Change in cell structure and function from generalized to specific

Answer 40

Differentiation

Question 41

formation of new cells or new organisms without formation of cells, growth and tissue repair are impossible

Answer 41

Reproduction

Question 42

existence or maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite the fluctuations in either the\ external or internal environment

Answer 42

Homeostasis

Question 43

etymology: "homeo"

Answer 43

same

Question 44

etymology "stasis"

Answer 44

standing still; to stop

Question 45

measures of body properties that may change in value

Answer 45

Variables

Question 46

Examples of variables

Answer 46

Body temperature Heart Rate Blood Pressure Blood glucose levels

Question 47

normal values Temperature Heart rate Blood Pressure Blood Glucose levels Respiratory Rate

Answer 47

37 C 60-100 bpm <120 <80 80-126 mEg/L 12-16 bpm

Question 48

acceptable range of values on which homeostatic mechanisms can still be met

Answer 48

Normal Range

Question 49

Ideal value

Answer 49

Set point

Question 50

Normally maintain body temperature near an average normal value or set point not precisely at the set point but around it, producing a normal range of values

Answer 50

Homeostatic Mechanism

Question 51

main mechanism used in homeostatic regulation "to decrease" any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

Answer 51

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Question 52

3 components of Negative feedback mechanism

Answer 52

Receptor Control Center Effector

Question 53

monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli

Answer 53

Receptor

Question 54

determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable

Answer 54

Control Center

Question 55

can change the value of the variable by the control center

Answer 55

Effector

Question 56

occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response "to increase" deviation from the set point becomes even greater not homeostatic and is rare in healthy individuals can be more harmful than helpful

Answer 56

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Question 57

massive blood loss

Answer 57

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Question 58

Contractions during child birth

Answer 58

Positive Feedback mechanism

Question 59

often there are more than one effector for a particular homeostatic mechanism

Answer 59

true

Question 60

hallmark of negative feedback

Answer 60

effector stops their response once the variable has returned to its set point they do not produce an indefinite response