Chapter 1 - Intro Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
“Cutting open”, the study of internal and external structures
2
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
“Macroscopic” large structures visible with the unaided eye
3
Q
Microscopic Anatomy
A
Structures that can’t be seen without magnification
4
Q
Physiology
A
The study of function
5
Q
Organism
A
Highest level of organization. The human.
6
Q
Organ system
A
The interrelation between organs
7
Q
Organ
A
Group of two or more tissues working to perform a function.
8
Q
Tissue
A
Similar cells and products working to perform a specific function.
9
Q
Cells
A
Smallest living unit in the body
10
Q
Atoms
A
Smallest stable units of matter
11
Q
Molecules
A
Groups of atoms with complex shapes
12
Q
Chemical level
A
Consists of atoms and molecules
13
Q
Cellular level
A
Consists of cells
14
Q
Types of cells
A
Smooth muscle Blood Bone Fat Nerve Reproductive Digestive
15
Q
Smooth muscle cells
A
Long and slender
Can contract
16
Q
Blood cells
A
Red: flattened discs, transports O2 and CO2
White: spherical, fight disease
17
Q
Bone cells
A
Found in bone recycle calcium and phosphate stored in bone
18
Q
Fat cells
A
Round, stores energy
19
Q
Cell theory
A
Cells are structural building blocks of all plants and animals
Cells come from reproduction of pre-existing cells
Smallest structural unit that can perform all vital functions
20
Q
Digestive tract cells
A
Absorb nutrients
21
Q
Reproductive cells
A
Oocyte
Sperm
22
Q
Nerve cells
A
Neurons
Process information
23
Q
Histology
A
Study of tissue
24
Q
Primary Tissue types
A
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
25
Epithelial Tissue
Most common.
Covers and protects surfaces
Lines internal passageways
Produces glandular secretions
26
Connective tissue
Fills internal spaces
Provides structural support
Stores energy
Matrix: fibers and ground substance (liquid)
27
Muscle Tissue
```
Skeletal movement
Soft tissue support
Blood flow maintenance
Stabilization of temperature
Transport
```
* skeletal muscle tissue
* cardiac muscle tissue
* smooth muscle tissue
28
Nervous Tissue
Carry info from one place to another
29
Cells in nervous tissue
Neurons (nerve cells)
| Neurogloa (supporting cells)
30
Neurons
Transmit info via electrical impulses
31
Neuralgia
Isolate/protect neurons and forms supporting framework
32
Central nervous system
The brain and spinal chord
33
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves connecting CNS with other organs and tissues
34
11 organ systems
```
Cardiovascular
Endocrine
Skeletal
Nervous
Muscular
Integumentary
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
```
35
Integumentary system
Protects from environmental hazards
| Helps control body temp
36
Organs in integumentary system
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Cutaneous Membrane (skin)
Hair follicles
Swear glands
Nails
Sensory receptors
Hypodermic (attaches skin to deeper structures)
```
37
Skeletal system
Support
Protect tissue
Store minerals
Form blood
38
Structure of Skeletal system
Bones, cartilage, and joints
| Bone marrow
39
Muscular System
Support
Provides movement
Generate heat
40
Structures in muscular system
Skeletal muscles, axial and appendicular
| Tendons and aponeuroses
41
Nervous system
Directs immediate response to stimuli, coordinate other system activities
CNS
PNS
42
Endocrine System
Direct long term changes of other organ systems via hormones
43
Organs of the endocrine system
```
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Kidneys
Pancreas
Gonads
```
44
Cardiovascular system
Transports cells and dissolved materials
45
Organs and structures in cardiovascular system
Heart
Blood
Blood Vessles
46
Lymphatic System
Defends against infection and disease returns tissue fluid to the blood stream
47
Organs and structures in lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
48
Respiratory system
Delivers air
Gas xchange
Produces sound
49
Organs and structures in respiratory system
```
Nasal cavities
Sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
```
50
Digestive system
Process food
| Absorb nutrients
51
Organs/Structures in Digestive System
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Mouth
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Large intestine
```
52
Urinary system
Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes
53
Organs/structures in Urinary system
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
54
Reproductive system
Produces sex cells and hormones
| Development of embryo
55
Organs/structures in reproductive system
```
Ovaries
Uterine Tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Genitalia
Mammary Glands
Testes
```
56
Homeostasis
Presence of a stable internal environment
57
Homeostatic Regulation
Adjustment of physiological systems to persevere homeostasis
58
What contributes to homeostatic regulation?
```
A receptor (sensor)
A control center (integration center)
An effector (responds to commands from control center)
```
59
What is the method of homeostatic regulation?
Negative feedback. Effector response opposes original stimuli
60
Positive feedback
Initial stimulus produces a response that generates or enhances the change in original conditions (such as blood clotting)
61
Frontal
Forehead
62
Nasal
Nose
63
Ocular / orbital
Eye
64
Otic
Ear
65
Buccal
Cheek
66
Cervical
Neck
67
Thoracic
Thorax/chest
68
Mammary
Breast
69
Abdominal
Abdominal
70
Umbilical
Naval
71
Pelvic
Pelvis
72
Cephalic
Head
73
Cranial
Skull
74
Facial
Face
75
Oral
Mouth
76
Mental
Chin
77
Axillary
Armpit
78
Brachial
Arm
79
Antecubital
Front of elbow
80
Antebrachial
Forearm
81
Carpal
Wrist
82
Palmer
Palm
83
Pollex
Thumb
84
Manual
Hand
85
Digits
Phalanges / fingers
86
Patellar
Kneecap
87
Crustal
Leg
88
Tarsal
Ankle
89
Haullux
Big toe
90
Pedal
Foot
91
Femoral
Thigh
92
Pubic
Pubis
93
Inguinal
Groin
94
Acromial
Shoulder
95
Spinal
Vertebral
96
Dorsal
Back
97
Olecranal
Back of elbow
98
Lumbar
Loin
99
Gluteal
Butt
100
Popliteal
Back of knee
101
Sural
Calf
102
Calcaneal
Heal of foot
103
Plantar
Some of foot
104
Abdominalpelvic Quadrants
Right upper
Right lower
Left upper
Left lower
105
Abdominopelvic regions
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Right/left hypochondriac
Right/left lumbar
Right/left inguinal
106
Thoracic Cavity
Everything deep in the chest
Heart/lungs
Pericardial cavity
pleural cavity
107
Pericardial Cavity
Fluid filled space between outter/inner layer of serum pericardium
108
Pericardium
Surrounds the heart and consists of fibrous pericardium and inner pericardium
109
Serous Membrane
Covers viscera (internal organs partially or completely enclosed by body cavities
110
Abdominopelvic cavity
Encloses peritoneal cavity
| Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm
111
Peritoneum
A serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity
112
What organs can be found between the peritoneal lining and muscular wall of abdominal cavity?
Kidneys
| Pancreas
113
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Digestive glands and organs
114
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Urinary bladder, reproductive organs , last portion of digestive tract. Many of these lie posterior or inferior to peritoneal cavity.
115
What is the heart embedded in?
The mediastinum : connective tissue that separates two pleural cavities
116
Functional requirements for life
```
Movement
Responsiveness
Respiration/metabolism
Reproduction
Reproduction
Excretion
```
