Chapter 1 - Intro/Review

Question 1

Heterolytic

Answer 1

Separation of 2 atoms; both electrons go with one atom

Question 2

Nucleophile

Answer 2

Leaving atom; the more electronegative atom

Question 3

Electrophile

Answer 3

Atom losing/donating electrons

Question 4

Carbocation

Answer 4

+ charged carbon atom

Question 5

Carboanion

Answer 5

Negatively (-) charged carbon atom

Question 6

Cell

Answer 6

Fundamental unit of life; smallest, simplest unit of life capable of self-replicating

Question 7

Cytoplasm

Answer 7

Area containing membrane bound compartments

Question 8

Nucleus

Answer 8

Control center of cell containing DNA

Question 9

Ribosome

Answer 9

Location of protein synthesis

Question 10

Mitochondria

Answer 10

Location of the formation of ATP energy

Question 11

Plasma Membrane

Answer 11

Area surrounding the cell

Question 12

Chloroplast

Answer 12

Location where photosynthesis occurs; found only in plant cells

Question 13

Cell Wall

Answer 13

Thicker layer surrounding plasma membrane; found only in plant cells

Question 14

Examples of Eukaryotes

Answer 14

• Plants
• Animals
• Fungi
• Protists
• Eukarya

Question 15

Examples of Prokaryotes

Answer 15

• Monera
• Bacteria
• Archaea

Question 16

Parts of Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 16

• ribosome
• cytoplasm
• plasma membrane

Question 17

Living Organism

Answer 17

A thermodynamically-open chemical system that self-maintains, self-replicates, and responds to its environment

Question 18

Photoautotroph

Answer 18

Organisms that use light energy to produce organic substances; ex. Plants

Question 19

Eukaryote

Answer 19

Organic substances generate energy by consuming; ex. Humans, animals

Question 20

Entropy

Answer 20

Measure of the disorder of a system

Question 21

Enthalpy

Answer 21

Measure of the loss/gain of heat in a system (H)

Question 22

Gibbs Free Energy

Answer 22

Determines if reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous (G)
+G = non-spontaneous, endergonic
-G = spontaneous, exergonic
0 G = @ equilibrium

Question 23

Things that can be determined from G value (3)

Answer 23

1. Direction reaction will proceed spontaneously (spontaneous/non-spontaneous)
2. Amount of useful energy that can be made available by reaction (exothermic/endothermic)
3. Position of equilibrium

Question 24

Things that can not be determined from G value (2)

Answer 24

1. Mechanism of reaction
2. Rate of reaction

(These are determined by kinetics)

Question 25

Covalent Bonds

Answer 25

Atoms share electrons; stronger than non-covalent bonds

Question 26

Non-Covalent Bonds

Answer 26

Atoms do NOT share electrons

Question 27

Electrostatic Interractions

Answer 27

- ionic bonding - interactions dependent on the electric charges of the atoms - based off of Coulomb’s Law

Question 28

Coulomb’s Law

Answer 28

E = k q1q2 / ε r - k = proportionality constant - q1, q2 = magnitude of charges - r = distance between charges - ε = dielectric constants of medium between charges

Question 29

Dispersion Forces

Answer 29

Weak, temporary interactions between molecules

Question 30

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 30

Strong interaction between a hydrant atom and fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen; commonly found in proteins and DNA

Question 31

Hydrophobic Interactions

Answer 31

Separation of non-polar molecules from water; commonly found in the cell membrane

Question 32

5 Kingdom Model

Answer 32

- Plants - Animals - Fungi - Protists - Monera

Question 33

3 Domain Model

Answer 33

- Bacteria - Eukarya - Archaea

Question 34

Low vs. High Dielectric Constant

Answer 34

Low Constant = charges are very close together | High Constant = charges are farther apart