Chapter 1-Intro to Anatomy

Question 1

What is Anatomy?

Answer 1

The science of structure; relationships revealed by dissection

Question 2

What is Physiology?

Answer 2

The science of body functions; how the body structures function

Question 3

Subdivisions of Anatomy

Answer 3

surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic
anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic
anatomy, developmental anatomy, embryology,
cytology, and pathological anatomy

Question 4

Subdivisions of Physiology

Answer 4

cell physiology, systems physiology,
pathophysiology, exercise physiology,
neurophysiology, endocrinology,
cardiovascular physiology, immunophysiology,
respiratory physiology, renal physiology, and
reproductive physiology

Question 5

Structural Organization of Matter

Answer 5

1. Chemical Level
   a. Atoms
   b. Molecules
2. Cells
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Organ System

Question 6

What are the types of Atoms?

Answer 6

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Question 7

What are Molecules?

Answer 7

Two or more atoms joined together by either covalent or ionic bonds

Question 8

Four biologically important organic molecules in the human body

Answer 8

1. Proteins
2. Complex Carbohydrates
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Lipids

Question 9

What are Proteins made of?

Answer 9

20 different Amino Acids

Question 10

What are complex carbohydrates made of?

Answer 10

Simple sugars (glucose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, etc.)

Question 11

What are Nucleic Acids made of?

Answer 11

Nucleotides

Question 12

What are Lipids made out of?

Answer 12

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Question 13

The smallest structural and functional units of the human body

Answer 13

Cells

Question 14

Tissues are made of?

Answer 14

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

Question 15

What are Organs made of?

Answer 15

Composed of two or more tissues work together to provide specific functions and they usually have specific shapes

Question 16

What makes an organ system?

Answer 16

Consist of one or more organs that provide a common function

Question 17

Examples of Organ Systems

Answer 17

a. Integumentary system
b. Skeletal system
c. Muscular system
d. Nervous system
e. Endocrine system
f. Cardiovascular system
g. Lymphatic system
h. Respiratory system
I. Digestive system
j. Urinary system
k. Reproductive system

Question 18

What is Metabolism?

Answer 18

Sum of all biochemical processes of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

Question 19

What is Responsiveness?

Answer 19

Ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment

Question 20

What is the basic life process of Movement?

Answer 20

Occurs at the intracellular level, cellular, and organ levels

Question 21

What is Growth?

Answer 21

Increase in the number of cells, size of cells, tissues, organs, and the body. Single cell to a multicellular complex organism

Question 22

What is Differentation?

Answer 22

Process a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecialized cell to a specialized cell

Question 23

What is Reproduction?

Answer 23

Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual

Question 24

What is Homeostasis?

Answer 24

Equilibrium of the body’s internal environment produced by the interaction of organ systems and regulatory processes (feedback systems)

Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to changing systems

Question 25

The two body systems that largely control the body's homeostatic state?

Answer 25

1. Nervous System 2. Endocrine System

Question 26

What is constantly disrupting homeostasis?

Answer 26

external stimuli -intense heat, cold, and lack of oxygen internal stimuli -psychological stress -exercise Disruptions are usually mild and temporary

Question 27

How does the nervous system notice homeostatic changes?

Answer 27

It detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the disruption Nerve impulses work faster than hormone secretion.

Question 28

How does the endocrine system notice homeostatic changes?

Answer 28

It regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones. This hormone secretion works slower than nerve impulses.

Question 29

Homeostasis fluid balance: compartments of body fluids

Answer 29

1. Intracellular 2. Extracellular a. Interstitial b. Plasma

Question 30

Components of the Feedback Loop

Answer 30

1. Receptor - Monitors a controlled condition 2. Control Center - determines next action 3. Effector - receives directions from control center, produces a response that changes the controlled condition

Question 31

Negative Feedback loop

Answer 31

Nervous system response. Decreases stimulus to return to homeostasis. Shuts down the loop.

Question 32

Positive Feedback loop

Answer 32

Endocrine System response. Increases stimulus to return body to homeostasis.

Question 33

What is a Disorder?

Answer 33

A general term for any change or abnormality of function

Question 34

What is a Disease?

Answer 34

A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

Question 35

Difference between a local disease and a systemic disease?

Answer 35

A local disease is one that affects one part or a limited region of the body. A systemic disease affects either the entire body or several parts

Question 36

What are signs when determining a disease?

Answer 36

Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (Ex: fever or rash)

Question 37

What are symptoms when determining a disease?

Answer 37

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer (Ex: headache or nausea)

Question 38

What is a Diagnosis?

Answer 38

The art in distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease; a diagnosis is generally arrived at after the taking of a medical history and the administration of a physical examination

Question 39

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 39

The standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references. Subject is standing upright, facing the observer, eyes forward, feet flat on the floor, arms at the side, palms turned forward (ventral)