Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
deals with structures of body parts
A
Anatomy
2
Q
concerned with functions of body parts
A
Physiology
3
Q
Why is it often difficult to separate anatomy from physiology and vice versa?
A
Because the function of a part depends on its form.
4
Q
Smallest chemical unit
A
atom
5
Q
Atoms are bound together to form these
A
molecules
6
Q
Small molecules may combine to form these
A
macromolecules
7
Q
The basic unit of structure and function in the body
A
cell
8
Q
Composed of aggregates of large molecules; carry on specific activities of the cell
A
organelles
9
Q
Organized cells in layers/masses that have specific functions
A
tissues
10
Q
Groups of different tissues form these complex structures with specialized functions
A
organs
11
Q
A group of organs that function closely together
A
organ system
12
Q
Interacting organ systems make up a/an ___?
A
organism
13
Q
Environment within the body in which the cells live
A
internal environment
14
Q
Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
A
homeostasis
15
Q
What is interdependency of cells?
A
different cells contribute to homeostasis in different ways
16
Q
Name two types of gradients
A
- pressure gradient
* concentration gradient
17
Q
Cell membrane controls what it allows in and out
A
permeability
18
Q
Cells become specialized through this process
A
Cellular differentiation (gene leads to protein leads to function)
19
Q
Cell membrane mechanisms
A
- determines what substances can enter or leave the cell
* responds to some signals, but ignores others
20
Q
Uses specialized molecules on the membrane called membrane receptors
A
Cell-to-cell communication
21
Q
an underlying component of the physiological control systems that maintain homeostasis
A
Feedback loops
22
Q
Internal environment stays relatively constant; replaces substances that are lost and eliminates substances in excess
A
Balance
23
Q
List the 10 requirements of life
A
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Circulation
- Assimilation
- Excretion
24
Q
Change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ
A
movement
25
Reaction to a change taking place inside or outside of the body
responsiveness
26
Increase in body size without change in shape
growth
27
Production of new organisms and new cells
reproduction
28
Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from food (some forms of life do not use oxygen in this process)
respiration
29
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used
digestion
30
Passage of substances through membranes into body fluids
absorption
31
Movement of substances from place to place in body fluids
circulation
32
Changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
assimilation
33
Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
excretion
34
List the 5 requirements of organisms
* Water
* Food
* Oxygen
* Heat
* Pressure
35
What is water required for?
* required for many metabolic reactions
* helps in temperature regulation
* transports substances
* lubrication
36
What is food required for?
* supply energy
| * supply raw materials for building new living matter
37
What is oxygen required for?
* used by the body release energy from nutrients
38
What is heat required for?
* product of metabolic reactions - partly controls the rate at which these reactions occur
* temperature is a measure of the amount of heat present
39
What is pressure required for?
* atmospheric pressure plays in an important role in respiration
* hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing via blood pressure
40
3 components of homeostatic mechanisms:
* receptors
* control centers
* effectors
41
Provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment
receptors
42
Includes a set point; tells what a particular value should be
control center
43
Cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment
effectors
44
Many homeostatic mechanisms are controlled by ____?
negative feedback
45
In this process, when conditions return to normal, the effectors shut down
negative feedback
46
Examples of negative feedback
* temperature regulation
* maintenance of blood pressure
* maintenance of blood glucose level
47
In this process, conditions move away from the normal state.
positive feedback
48
Examples of positive feedback
* blood clotting
| * contractions during birth
49
Two main body cavities
* axial
| * appendicular
50
What cavities are within the axial cavity?
* dorsal
| * ventral
51
What cavities are within the dorsal cavity?
* cranial
| * spinal (aka vertebral canal)
52
What cavities are within the ventral cavity?
* thoracic
| * abdominopelvic
53
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
diaphragm
54
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
* lungs
| * mediastinum
55
What does the mediastinum contain?
* heart
* esophagus
* trachea
* thymus gland
56
What cavities does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
* abdominal
| * pelvic
57
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
most of the digestive organs
58
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
* urinary bladder
| * reproductive organs
59
List the smaller cavities within the head
* oral
* nasal
* orbital
* middle ear
60
What does the oral cavity contain?
teeth and tongue
61
What does the nasal cavity contain?
(located w/in the nose) several air-filled sinuses
62
What does the orbital cavity contain?
eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves
63
What do the middle ear cavities contain?
middle ear bones
64
What does the appendicular cavity contain?
includes upper and lower limbs
65
What thin membranes line the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and fold back to cover the organs within these cavities?
serous membranes
66
What fluid separates the parietal layer (lines the wall) from the visceral layer (covers the organs)?
serous fluid
67
List the four thoracic membranes
* parietal pleura
* visceral pleura
* visceral pericardium
* parietal pericardium
68
What lines the thoracic cavity?
parietal pleura
69
What covers the lungs?
visceral pleura
70
What covers the heart?
visceral pericardium
71
What, along with the fibrous pericardium, surrounds the heart and forms a protective sac for it?
parietal pericardium
72
List the 2 abdominopelvic membranes?
* parietal peritoneum
| * visceral peritoneum
73
What lines the cavity?
* parietal peritoneum
74
What covers the organs in this cavity?
* visceral peritoneum
75
What body system deals with "body covering"?
integumentary system
76
What organs/body parts make up the integumentary system?
skin, accessory organs such as hair, nails, sebaceous, and glands, sweat glands
77
What is the purpose of the integumentary system?
* protects underlying tissues
* regulates temperatures
* houses sensory receptors
* synthesizes products
78
What two organ systems deal with support and movement?
skeletal and muscular
79
What organs/body parts make up the skeletal system?
bones, ligaments, cartilages
80
What organs/body parts make up the muscular system?
muscles
81
What is the purpose of the skeletal system?
frameworks, protective shields, muscle attachment sites, production of blood cells, stores inorganic salts
82
What is the purpose of the muscular system?
body movements, production of heat, maintain posture
83
What two organ systems deal with integration and coordination?
nervous and endocrine
84
What organs/body parts make up the nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
85
What organs/body parts make up the endocrine system?
glands that secrete chemical messengers to target tissue in order to alter the metabolism of that tissue
pancrease, thyroid, ovaries, and testes are a few examples
86
What is the purpose of the nervous system?
detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glands
87
What is the purpose of the endocrine system?
control metabolic activities of body structures
88
What two organ systems deal with transport?
cardiovascular and lymphatic
89
What organs/body parts make up the cardiovascular system?
heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood
90
What organs/body parts make up the lymphatic system?
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph
91
What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?
carry oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, takes waste products from cells
92
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
transports tissue fluid to blood, carries fats, defends against infection
93
What three organ systems deal with absorption and excretion?
digestive, urinary, and respiratory
94
What organs/body parts make up the digestive system?
stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, liver
95
What organs/body parts make up the urinary system?
urinary bladder, ureters, kidneys, urethra
96
What organs/body parts make up the respiratory system?
lungs, trachea
97
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
receive foods and break them down into usable forms
98
What is the purpose of the urinary system?
remove waste from the blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance
99
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
exchange gases between air and blood
100
What organ system deals with reproduction?
reproductive system
101
What organs/body parts make up the reproductive system?
testes, ovaries
102
What is the purpose of the reproductive system?
produce new organisms like self
103
What is the anatomical position?
Standing erect, face is forward, arms are at side, palms are facing forward
104
Used to describe the location of one body part with respect to another
relative position
105
One part is above another part, or closer to the head
superior
106
One part is below another part, or closer to the feet
inferior
107
Towards the front
anterior (ventral)
108
Towards the back
posterior (dorsal)
109
One part is closer to the midline of the body
medial
110
One part is away from the midline of the body
lateral
111
Pertains to the same side
ipsilateral
112
Refers to the opposite side
contralateral
113
Refers to paired structures, one on each side
bilateral
114
One part is closer to the point of attachment to the body
proximal
115
One part is further from the point of attachment to the body
distal
116
Situated near the surface
superficial/external
117
Towards the side
peripheral
118
Parts are more internal
deep
119
List the 3 body sections (HIM referred to these as planes)
* sagittal
* transverse
* frontal (coronal)
120
Lengthwise cut producing left and right portions
sagittal
121
Lengthwise cut at the midline that produces equal right and left portions
midsagittal
122
Horizontal cut that produces superior and inferior sections
transverse
123
Lengthwise cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
frontal (coronal)
124
List the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic region
* Left and right hypochondriac
* epigastric
* Left and right lateral
* umbilical
* Left and right inguinal
* hypogastric
125
List the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic region
* Right and Left Upper Quadrants
| * Right and Left Lower Quadrants
126
region between the thorax and the pelvis
abdominal
127
point of the shoulder
acromial
128
forearm
antebrachial
129
anterior surface of the elbow
antecubital
130
axillary
armpit
131
brachial
arm
132
buccal
wrist
133
celiac
abdomen
134
cephalic
head
135
cervical
neck
136
costal
ribs
137
coxal
hip
138
crural
leg
139
cubital
elbow
140
digital
finger/toe
141
dorsal
back
142
femoral
thigh
143
frontal
forehead
144
genital
external reproductive organs
145
gluteal
buttocks
146
inguinal
depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin)
147
lumbar
region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis
148
mammary
breast
149
mental
chin
150
nasal
nose
151
occipital
inferior posterior region of the head
152
oral
mouth
153
orbital
eye cavity
154
otic
ear
155
palmar
palm of the hand
156
patellar
anterior part of the knee
157
pectoral
anterior chest
158
pedal
foot
159
pelvic
pelvis
160
perineal
the inferior-most region of the trunk between the thighs and the buttocks (perineum)
161
plantar
sole of the foot
162
popliteal
area posterior to the knee
163
sacral
posterior region between the hip bones
164
sternal
middle of the thorax, anteriorly
165
sural
calf of the leg
166
tarsal
ankle
167
umbilical
navel
168
vertebral
spinal column
169
branch of medical science dealing with the heart and heart diseases
cardiology
170
study of skin and its diseases
dermatology
171
study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and associated diseases
endocrinology
172
study of the factors that contribute to determining the distribution and frequency of health-related conditions within a defined human population
epidemiology
173
study of the stomach and intestines, as well as their diseases
gastroenterology
174
branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems
geriatrics
175
study of the process of aging and the various problems of older individuals
gerontology
176
study of the female reproductive system and its diseases
gynecology
177
study of the blood and blood diseases
hematology
178
study of the structure and function of issues (microscopic anatomy)
histology
179
study of the body's resistance to disease
immunology
180
study of newborns and the treatment of their disorders
neonatology
181
study of the structure, function, and diseases of the kidneys
nephrology
182
study of the nervous system in health and disease
neurology
183
branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth
obstetrics
184
study of cancers
oncology
185
study of the eyes and eye diseases
ophthalmology
186
branch of medicine dealing with the muscular and skeletal systems and their problems
orthopedics
187
study of the ears, throat, larynx, and their diseases
otolaryngology
188
study of the structural and functional changes within the body associated with disease
pathology
189
branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases
pediatrics
190
study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of diseases
pharmacology
191
study of the care and treatment of the feet
podiatry
192
branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders
psychiatry
193
study of x-rays and radioactive substances, as well as their uses in diagnosing and treating diseases
radiology
194
study of poisonous substances and their effects on physiology
toxicology
195
branch of medicine dealing with the urinary and male reproductive systems and their diseases
urology
