Chapter 1 - Intro. to Micriobology Flashcards
(55 cards)
0
Q
Acellular entities
A
Viroids, prions, virusoids, and viruses
1
Q
The study of the biology of microorgansims
A
Microbiology
2
Q
Cellular entities
A
Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
3
Q
Cellular entities
A
Eukaryotes
4
Q
Examples of Eukaryotes
A
- Protozoa
- Many algae
- Some fungi
- Helminthe
5
Q
Microbiology studies the following aspects of microorgansims
A
- Biochemisty, Morphology, Physiology, Genetics, Ecology
6
Q
Two aspects to Microbiology
A
- Understanding basic life processes (Basic Science)
- For understanding the cellular processes in unicellular and multicellular organisms - Applying the understanding of organisms for the benefit of humans
- Microbes play important roles in medicine, agriculture ect.
7
Q
The importance of microorganisms
A
- Oldest forms of life
- Found almost everywhere
- Largest mass of living material on Earth
- Carry out major processes for biochemical cycles
- Other life forms require microbes to survive
8
Q
Where are most microbes found?
A
Oceans and soil
9
Q
How much of the worlds biomass is composed of microbes?
A
1/3-1/2
10
Q
Cellular microorganisms are placed in what three domains?
A
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
11
Q
Which two domains are prokaryotic?
A
Bacteria and Archaea
12
Q
How are cellular microorganisms categorized?
A
Comparison of rRNA and other small subunits
13
Q
Five facts about Bacteria
A
- Single celled
- Majority have cell wall with peptidoglycan
- Lack a membrane bound nucleus
- Ubiquitous and live in extreme conditions
- Cynobacteria and others produce oxygen
14
Q
Three characteristics of Archaea?
A
- Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls
- Have unique membrane lipids
- Many live in extreme environments
15
Q
Two components to the domain Eukarya
A
- Protists
2. Fungi
16
Q
Four different kinds of Protists
A
- Algae
- Protozoa
- Slime molds
- Water molds
17
Q
Two different kinds of Fungi
A
- Yeast
2. Mold
18
Q
Photosynthetic protists
A
Algae
19
Q
Chemoheterotroph protists
A
Protozoa
20
Q
Chemeoheterotrophs with two life cycle stages
A
Slime molds
21
Q
Devastating disease in plants
A
Water molds
22
Q
What are the UNICELLULAR and MULTICELLULAR fungi?
A
Yeast = unicellular Mold = multicellular
23
Q
Three Acellular infectious agents
A
- Viruses
- Viroids and Virusoids
- Prions
24
- Smallest of all microbes
- Requires host cell to replicate
- Cause range of diseases, some cancers
Viruses
25
Infectious agents composed of RNA
Viroids and virusoids
26
Infectious proteins
Prions
27
What does Science do?
1. Describes the world around us
| 2. Tries to explain what is happening
28
When was Microbiology born?
When the connection between microorganisms and disease were made
29
Who was the first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately.
- Used the first simple microscope
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
30
Living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter
Spontaneous generation
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- Discredited spontaneous generation
| - Showed that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs
Francesco Redi
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- Helped disprove spontaneous generation
| - Used the flask experiment
Louis Pasteur
33
How did Pasteur conduct the flask experiment?
He boiled water in two flasks. Broke one neck and left one long so air could not go in. Growth of microorganims in the uncovered flask.
34
What three discoveries did Pasteur make?
1. Disproved spontaneous generation
2. Demonstrated that alcohol fermentations and other fermentations were the result of microbial activity
3. Developed the process of pasteruization to preserve wine for storage
35
What did Pasteur and his co workers do?
Developed vaccinations for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies
36
- Demonstrated that dust carries microorganisms
- If dust was absent, nutrient broths remained sterile, even if exposed to air
- Provided evidence for the existence of heat-resistant forms of bacteria
John Tyndall
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Belief that certain diseases were caused by microorganisms
Germ Theory
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- Provided indirect evidence that microorganisms were the causal agents of disease
- Developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds as well as methods for treating instruments and surgical dressings
- His patients had fewer postoperative infections
Joseph Lister
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Established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and andthrax and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis
Robert Koch
40
Used today to establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease
Koch's postulates
41
The four techniques Robert Koch developed for microbiology
1. Agar
2. Petri dish
3. Nutrient broth and nutrient agar
4. Methods for isolating microorganisms
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Koch's Four Postulates
1. Microorganisms must be present in diseased cases, but absent from healthy individuals
2. Diseased MO must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
3. Diseased item must be inoculated into a healthy host
4. The same MO must be isolated again from the diseased host
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Two limitations to Koch's postulates
1. Some organisms cannot be grown in pure cultures
| 2. Using humans is unethical
44
The 20/21st century microbiology developed in what two ways?
1. Applied
| 2. Basic
45
Major sub-disciplines of Applied Microbiology
1. Medical micro and Immunology (Have roots in Kochs work)
2. Agricultural micro and industrial micro
3. Aquatic micro and marine micro (came from soil micro)
4. Microbial ecology
46
Basic science sub-disciplines in microbiology
1. Microbial systematics
2. Microbial physiology
3. Microbial biochemistry
4. Bacterial genetics
5. Virology
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The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms
Microbial systematics
48
Study of the nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and the products that they generate
Microbial physiology
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Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions
Microbial biochemistry
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Study of heredity and variation in bacteria
Bacterial genetics
51
Study of viruses
Virology
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- Manipulation of cellular genomes
| - DNA from on organism can be inserted into a bacterium and the proteins encoded by that DNA harvested
Biotechnology
53
Generally larger than Bacteria and Archaea
Protists
54
Chemoheterotroph absorbers
Fungi
