Chapter 1: Intro to Pathology & Homeostasis

Question 1

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 1

the study of abnormalities in physiology

the study of abnormal functioning of diseased organs

Question 2

How is physiology different than pathophysiology?

Answer 2

Physiology is the science of how the body functions

Pathophysiology is the science of how the body functions DURING disease

Question 3

Name the four aspects of disease.

Answer 3

Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestation
Treatment Implications

Question 4

Etiology

Answer 4

the cause of disease

Question 5

Name the etiologic classifications.

Answer 5

Congenital
Inherited
Metabolic
Degenerative
Neoplasia
Immunologic
Nutritional 
Psychogenic
Infectious
Physical agents
Iatrogentic
Idiopathic

Question 6

What is a congenital etiology?

Answer 6

means existing at birth or before birth (prenatal incluences)
“in utero”

Question 7

Example of congenital etiology?

Answer 7

Spina bifida, cleft palate

Question 8

What is an inherited etiology?

Answer 8

Disease is due to genes received from parents

Question 9

What’s an important note about inherited vs genetic etiologies?

Answer 9

Genetic disorders are caused by mutated genes. These mutated genes can be inherited OR from a new mutation in the individual

Question 10

True or False:

All genetic disorders are are inherited from parents

Answer 10

False; mutations can be found just in the individual

Question 11

What is a metabolic etiology?

Answer 11

Due to abnormalities in chemical pathways of body cells

Happens because of malfunctioning enzymes required for metabolic pathways

Question 12

What is a degenerative etiology?

Answer 12

Tissues cells breakdown
Part of normal aging process (or abnormal)
ex: osteoporosis via endocrine malfunction

Question 13

What is Neoplasia?

Answer 13

New growth due to abnormal cell division
These new growths can be BENIGN or MALIGNANT
ex: Papilloma (benign) or squamous cell carcinoma (malignant)

Question 14

What is immunologic etiology?

Answer 14

The immune system under reacts (AIDS) or over reacts

autoimmune diseases

Question 15

What is a nutritional etiology?

Answer 15

Typically nutritional disease that is due to nutritional deficiencies
ex: Iron deficiency (anemia)

Question 16

What is a psychogenic etiology?

Answer 16

Disease of mental origin

Emotional stress contributes to many diseases or alters its course

Question 17

How do psychogenic diseases originate?

Answer 17

Originate due to stress, leading to production of certain hormones that impact immune system’s ability to normally fight disease

Question 18

What is an infectious etiology?

Answer 18

Disease caused by pathogen

Question 19

What are pathogens?

Answer 19

Pathogens are disease causing organisms

Question 20

The difference between an etiology and a specific etiology?

Answer 20

Etiology is the study of a disease’s origin, whereas a specific etiology refers to the specific cause, not the general category it falls under

Ex: Bacterial infection is an infectious etiology. Helicobacter pylori infection is a SPECIFIC etiology bc it a specific bacterial infection.

Question 21

Describe physical agent etiologies.

Answer 21

Caused by toxic chemicals, mechanical injury, radiation, force, temperature, humidity, electricity, etc.

Caused by inanimate factor

ex: Acid burns

Question 22

Describe idiopathic etiologies.

Answer 22

Condition caused by medical treatment

Physician or healthcare provider caused

Question 23

It’s an example of an idiopathic caused disease.

Answer 23

Hypothyroidism can result when the thyroid gland is surgically removed by the physician. Parathyroid is found on the thyroid gland.

Question 24

Pathogenesis

Answer 24

The development of a disease

The progress and mechanisms involved in the disease

Sequence of events that occurs to cause a disease

Question 25

Once we know the pathogenesis of a disease, what can we do about it then?

Answer 25

We observe its clinical manifestation in patients aka, we look at signs and symptoms due to the pathogenesis process'

Question 26

Clinical Manifestations

Answer 26

How the disease process becomes apparent, or manifests itself, in the person Signs and symptoms occurring due to pathogenesis

Question 27

The outcome of the pathogenesis brings consequences. What are they specifically called in the clinical field?

Answer 27

Signs and symptoms

Question 28

Why are signs and symptoms so important and what do with them?

Answer 28

They are the functional and structural consequences of the disease process. We use them as measurements for disease severity

Question 29

Signs

Answer 29

Objectively identifiable aberration of disease that can be detected by the observer Objective data that can be gathered by clinical exam or laboratory testing ex: fever, reddening of skin, palpable mass, EKG...

Question 30

Symptoms

Answer 30

Subjective feeling of discomfort felt by subject that can be reported to an observer These are things only the patient can feel, like nausea, pain, fatigue, stuff we as clinicians can measure objectively

Question 31

Syndrome

Answer 31

A collection of different signs and symptoms that occur together ex: down syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, etc.

Question 32

How is downsyndrome a syndrome?

Answer 32

It is a collection of manifestations that we see because of an extra chromosome ex: physical characteristics (small neck, squinted eyes, protruding tongue) mental retardation is hard to measure

Question 33

Explain the flow of etiology to clinical manifestations

Answer 33

Etiology is the cause. That cause, whatever it may be, begins a development. That disease then develops enough to present an outcome, which we can observe or have described to us via clinical manifestations.

Question 34

Knowing the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of a disease helps us to do what?

Answer 34

Understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations allows us to make decisions regarding how that disease is treated and the options we have

Question 35

True or false: | The goal of treatment is to understand the general options, not the specific ones.

Answer 35

True. The goal is to understand the pathophysiologic reason WHY a certain treatment makes sense.

Question 36

Acute

Answer 36

brief, short course sometimes refers to condition with relatively severe manifestations but running a short course

Question 37

What's another way to reference an acute phenomenon? Give an example of an acute pathophysiologic development.

Answer 37

sudden onset and severe (not always, but most often referenced this way) aute inflammation: hasn't been going on for long

Question 38

Chronic

Answer 38

Condition that lasts for a long period of time

Question 39

Systemic

Answer 39

Wide spread ex: autoimmune (whole immune system malfunction)

Question 40

Local

Answer 40

confined to one region ex: benign neoplasia

Question 41

Exacerbation

Answer 41

Increase in signs and symptoms of a disease Getting worse ex: increased coughing due to ......

Question 42

Remission

Answer 42

Decline in signs and symptoms of disease, or "quiet period" ex: cancer remission

Question 43

Convalescence

Answer 43

Recovery stage after a disease ex: covid brain

Question 44

Sequela

Answer 44

Condition caused by and following a disease Secondary problem that is a consequence of another disease

Question 45

How can parathyroid hormone cause sequela?

Answer 45

Parathyroid hormone initiates osteoclast action. Osteoclasts bring too much calcium into the system causing small calcifications in the kidney also called kidney stones. The Kidney stones are the sequela.

Question 46

Epidemiology

Answer 46

the study of disease and patterns of disease within a population Focus on population rather than the individual

Question 47

Homeostasis

Answer 47

The maintenance of your body's internal environment within acceptable ranges

Question 48

True or False: Homeostasis is an absolute state.

Answer 48

False. It is a dynamic because it is a continuous process.

Question 49

Allostasis

Answer 49

Adaptation that must occur to maintain homeostasis

Question 50

Homeostasis is maintained by the use of _________________ mechanisms.

Answer 50

Feedback something must be added or taken away to return back to a target point of regulation

Question 51

List the components of a feedback system.

Answer 51

1. Receptor 2. Control (integrating) center 3. Effectors

Question 52

What are receptors of a feedback mechanism?

Answer 52

They are structures that monitor the condition being controlled.

Question 53

How do receptors function? What is their role?

Answer 53

the send a signal message to the control (integrating) center via sensory (afferent) neurons.

Question 54

Can you give an example of a receptor? Explain.

Answer 54

Baroreceptors in the carotid artery. These receptors monitor blood pressure and then send input to the medulla oblongata (control center) about the status of the blood pressure

Question 55

What is the control center?

Answer 55

Area the integrates the information received by the receptors AND determines if the controlled condition is within acceptable ranges. Found in brain or spinal cord

Question 56

Describe the role of the control center.

Answer 56

It determines the normal set point Also sends output to effectors if the current condition needs to be changed. Ex: Medulla oblongata processes set point for BP and can relay output to cardiac muscles to make any needed adjustments

Question 57

What are effectors?

Answer 57

Muscles or glands that can cause a change in the controlled condition ex: cardiac muscles receive output from medulla oblongata to either increase force of contraction or lessen force, depending if BP needs to be lowered or increased.

Question 58

Thermoregulation

Answer 58

The ability for an organism to maintain a certain body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different

Question 59

Describe the process of a fever the homeostatic response to an ALTERED set point.

Answer 59

Bacteria infection Macrophage engulfs and digests Interleukins released Hypothalamus gets signal of interleukins and signals release of prostaglandin Prostaglandin release goes back to hypothalamus and tells it to increase the body temp. set point Set point increase raises body temp. bc prostaglandin keeps telling hypothalamus to raise its set point. With set point raised, we see shivering bc muscles (effectors) are relayed the output to generate heat to maintain that new high set point.

Question 60

How is the newly raised set point brought back down to equilibrium?

Answer 60

Anti-prostaglandins are introduced to prevent prostaglandin from being produced from hypothalamus. With the loss of prostaglandin, thermoreceptors and finally override the increase heat message and let the hypothalamus know that temperature is way too high. The control center/hypothalamus will then send output to sweat glands (effectors) to cool the body down. This process will bring the fever down to normal body temp.

Question 61

Negative Feedback System

Answer 61

System in which the effectors cause the change in the controlled condition to reverse and return to the normal state. something is being taken away to bring back to normal

Question 62

True or False: Negative feedback systems are the common way body homeostasis is maintained.

Answer 62

True. Positive feedback loops are in pregnancy.

Question 63

Describe a negative feedback loop involving decreased blood pressure.

Answer 63

Say you are lying down for a nap, but nap time is over so you stand up to get out of the bed. When you stand up, your BP will fall bc there is less blood being brought back to the heart due to gravity taking it all to the lower body first. This BP fall is a stimulis recognized by baroreceptors in the arteries, and they relay this input via sensory nerve fibers. Those sensory nerve fibers travel to the medulla oblongata control center. The CC the sends an output message to cardiac muscle via motor fibers to increase contraction, therefore increasing heart rate. Increased heart rate means more force of blood being pumped, therefore we see an increase in BP.