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PSYC 332 > Chapter 1: Intro to Personality Theory > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Intro to Personality Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What contributes to a person’s behaviour?

A

both the situation and the person

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2
Q

main debate in personality psychology

A

how the situation influences behaviour and how behaviour reflects the individual

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3
Q

goal of personality psychologists

A

to determine what makes one person different from another

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4
Q

personality textbook definition

A

consistent behaviour patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual

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5
Q

Individual differences

A

consistent behaviour patterns

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6
Q

intrapersonal processes

A

all the emotional, motivational, and cognitive processes that go on inside of us that affect how we act and feel

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7
Q

six approaches to personality

A
  1. psychoanalytic approach
  2. trait approach
  3. biological approach
  4. humanistic approach
  5. behavioural/social learning approach
  6. cognitive approach
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8
Q

psychoanalytic approach

A

peoples’ unconscious minds are largely responsible for important differences in their behaviour styles

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9
Q

trait approach

A

identifies where a person might lie along a continuum of personality characteristics

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10
Q

biological approach

A

points to inherited predispositions and physiological processes to explain individual differences in personality

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11
Q

humanistic approach

A

identifies personal responsibility and feelings of self-acceptance as the key causes of differences in personality

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12
Q

behavioural/social learning approach

A

explains consistent behaviour patterns in terms of conditioning and expectations

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13
Q

cognitive approach

A

looks at differences in the way people process information

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14
Q

how should the 6 different approaches to personality be thought of?

A

as complementary models for understanding personality

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15
Q

how does psychoanalytic theory explain aggression?

A

points to an unconscious death instinct

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16
Q

how does the trait approach explain aggression?

A

focuses on individual differences and the stability of aggressive behaviour

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17
Q

aggression over time studies

A
  • Children who were identified as aggressive in elementary school were the most likely to have become aggressive adults
  • Children who pushed and shoved their classmates grew into adults who abused their spouses and engaged in crime
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18
Q

how does the biological approach explain aggression?

A

points to a genetic predisposition to act aggressively

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19
Q

how does the humanistic approach explain aggression?

A

argues that all people are good, but that aggression develops when something interferes with children’s natural growth process

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20
Q

how does the behavioural/social learning approach explain aggression?

A

claims that people learn to be aggressive in the same way they learn other behaviours. aggressive behaviour that is rewarded will be repeated.

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21
Q

how does the cognitive approach explain aggression?

A

focuses on the way aggressive people process information. certain cues in the environment trigger a network of aggressive thoughts and emotions.

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22
Q

how does the psychoanalytic approach explain depression?

A

points to unconscious feelings of anger and hostility

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23
Q

how does the trait approach explain depression?

A

concerned with identifying depression-prone individuals

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24
Q

depression over time studies

A
  • A person’s general emotional level today is a good indicator of their emotions in the future
  • Depression levels in 18-year-olds can be predicted by looking at their behaviour from as early as 7 years old
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25
how does the biological approach explain depression?
points to evidence that some people may inherit a genetic susceptibility to depression
26
how does the humanistic approach explain depression?
explains depression in terms of low self-esteem, which is developed while growing up
27
how does the behavioural/social learning approach explain depression?
argues that depression occurs from a lack of positive reinforcers in one’s life
28
how does the cognitive approach explain depression?
argues that some people are prone to episodes of depression because of the way they process information; they use a depressive filter to interpret and process information
29
how do people and their personalities exist
in a cultural context
30
individualistic cultures
place great emphasis on individual needs and accomplishments
31
collectivist cultures
concerned about belonging to a larger group, such as a family, tribe or nation.
32
what concepts vary most across cultures?
self-esteem and achievement
33
dictionary definitions of personality
- State of being a person - Characteristics and qualities that form a person’s distinctive character - The sum of a person’s physical, mental, emotional and social characteristics
34
psychological definition of personality
unique and relatively enduring internal and external aspects of a person’s character
35
APA definition of personality
- The enduring configuration of characteristics and behaviour that comprises an individual’s unique adjustment to life, including major traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and emotional patterns. - Personality is viewed as a complex, dynamic integration or totality shaped by many forces - Personality helps determine behaviour.
36
what does an individual's personality determine?
- How different they are from others - How they behave in different situations
37
traits
personality characteristics determine a person’s behaviour or by which it can be explained
38
interest
something that is significant to the individual or arouses their attention
39
drive
a ready state of action, motivating a person to attain a goal
40
value
a moral principle for what is considered good or bad
41
self-concept
one’s description of oneself
42
ability
what someone is capable of doing
43
emotional patterns
ways in which people react emotionally to events
44
the five-factor model
Outlines the most important ways in which individuals differ in their enduring emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal
45
what are the big 5 traits?
Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)
46
what is the most important big 5 trait for sales performance?
Conscientiousness
47
what big 5 traits have a positive relationship with sales?
Conscientiousness and openness
48
what big 5 traits have a negative relationship with sales?
Agreeableness
49
Adjectives associated with extraversion
- active - assertive - energetic - enthusiastic - outgoing - talkative
50
adjectives associated with agreeableness
- appreciative - forgiving - generous - kind - sympathetic - trusting
51
adjectives associated with conscientiousness
- efficient - organized - planful - reliable - responsible - through
52
adjectives associated with neuroticism
- anxious - self-pitying - tense - touchy - unstable - worrying
53
adjectives associated with openness to experience
- artistic - curious - imaginative - insightful - original - wide interests
54
accuracy of personality on social media
People generally present themselves as they are (at least as accurate as face-to-face). However, they show themselves as more emotionally stable
55
what people find it easier to express themselves on social media?
Introverted, neurotic, lonely, and socially awkward people may find it easier to express their true selves
56
what is social media associated with?
- Anxiety - Perceived isolation - Low self-esteem - Less healthy activity - Disrupted concentration - Sleep deprivation - Linked to depression for those high in neuroticism, but not for those high in agreeableness
57
what types of people use social media?
Those who use social media are more extraverted, open to new experiences, less conscientious,
58
what types of people use social media excessively?
Those who use social media excessively have lower emotional stability, lower self-esteem, and socialization skills
59
Eysenck
argued that introverts had high cortical arousal, leading them to avoid stimulation and extroverts had lower cortical arousal, causing them to seek out stimulating experiences
60
Maslow
argued for the hierarchy of needs
61
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
1. physiological needs (air, water, food, shelter) 2. safety needs (security, employment, health) 3. love and belonging (friendship, intimacy) 4. esteem (respect, status, recognition) 5. self-actualization (the desire to beocme the most one can be)
62
Reward deficiency syndrome (Blum)
sensation seekers, because of their low number of inherited D2 receptors, are constantly motivated by the search for more intense sources of reward
63
behaviour of high sensation-seekers
are more prone to having problems with self-control, drug abuse, risky sexual behaviour, and aggressive behaviour
64
extraversion and Maslow's needs
most strongly correlated with esteem
65
agreeableness and Maslow's needs
most strongly correlated with belonging
66
conscientiousness and Maslow's needs
most strongly correlated with self-actualization
67
openness and Maslow's needs
- most strongly correlated with self-actualization - not correlated with safety and security
68
neuroticism and Maslow's needs
- strongly and negatively correlated with all of Maslow's needs - the strongest association was found for the esteem score
69
Likert scale
ranking things from low to high importance
70
how do we interpret an individual's behaviour?
in a cultural context
71
Evaluation of personality
used for diagnosis, education, counselling, and research
72
two principles of measurement
reliability & validity
73
reliability
consistency of responses to a psychological assessment device
74
validity
the extent to which an assessment device measures what it is intended to measure
75
self-report inventories
Subjects answers about their behaviours and feelings
76
example of an objective measure
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
77
advantages of the MMPI and objective measures
- Objective scoring - Quick assessment
78
disadvantages of the MMPI and objective measures
- Not suited for people who possess limited reading skills - Tendency to provide socially desirable answers
79
The Dark Triad
A set of three inter-related personality traits that are disavantageous
80
objective measures
measures where the person giving the test is bound by the results (there’s no room for interpretation)
81
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Uses a Likert scale to test for various personality types and components of psychopathology
82
three traits of the dark triad
- machiavellianism - psychopathy - narcissism
83
Machiavellianism
those who will manipulate and exploit others for their own gain
84
Psychopathy
marked by a lack of remorse and empathy
85
Narcissism
an inflated sense of self-worth
86
Dirty Dozen
a scale to measure the Dark Triad
87
International Personality Item Pool
Subjects answer questions regarding the Big-Five personality traits
88
how is the International Personality Item Pool scored?
Items are scored from 0-4 - 0= not at all accurate - 1= a little accurate - 2= moderately accurate - 3= quite a bit accurate - 4= extremely accurate
89
advantages of online test administration
- Less time-consuming and expensive - Objective scoring - Accepted by younger employees - Prevents test-takers from looking ahead at questions and changing their answers
90
MBTI
A personality inventory that is often used for vocational purposes (to help someone determine what type of profession to pursue)
91
first letter of the MBTI
Extraversion: outwardly focused Introversion: inwardly focused
92
second letter of the MBTI
Sensing: focuses on the reality of now Intuition: more imaginative of possibilities
93
third letter of the MBTI
Thinking: bases decisions on logical reasoning Feeling: bases decisions on personal feelings
94
fourth letter of the MBTI
Judging: prefers to have matters settled Perceiving: prefers to leave options open

PSYC 332 (12 decks)

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