Chapter 1: Intro To Physiology And Homeostasis Flashcards
(47 cards)
1
Q
What is Physiology?
A
- the study of the functions of living things
- focuses on the underlying mechanisms of body processes
2
Q
What is Anatomy?
A
- study of the structure of the body
3
Q
What are the levels of organization in the body?
A
- chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- body system
- organsim
4
Q
Chemical Level
A
- an molecule in the membrane that encloses a cell
- various atoms and molecules make up the body
- atoms: mostly oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
- molecules of life: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids (genetic material, such as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA)
5
Q
Cellular Level
A
- a cell in the stomach lining
- cells are the basic unit of life
- have basic and specialized functions
- are progressively organized into tissues, organs, body systems and the whole body
- organisms can be single-celled or multicellular
- cell differentiate in complex multicellular organisms
6
Q
Tissue Level
A
- layers of tissue in the stomach wall
- tissues are groups of cells with a similar structure and specialization
- muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
- nervous tissue: initiate and transmit electrical impulses
- epithelial tissue: exchange materials between the cell and environment
- connective tissue: connects, supports, and anchors various body parts
7
Q
Organ Level
A
- the stomach
- an organ is a unit made up of several tissue types
- consists of two or more types of primary tissue organized to perform particular functions
8
Q
Body System Level
A
- the digestive system
- body system is a collection of organs that performs related functions
- organs interact to accomplish a common activity essential for survival
- packaged into functional whole body
- each body system depends on the proper functioning of other system
Many complex body processes depend on the interplay among multiple system
9
Q
Basic Cell Functions
A
- obtaining food and O2
- performing energy-generating chemical reactions
- eliminating wastes
- synthesizing proteins and cell components
- moving materials throughout the cell
- responding to the environment
- reproducing
10
Q
Specialized Cell Functions
A
- secrete digestive enzymes that break down ingested food
- retain and eliminate substances accordingly
- produce intracellular movement
- generate and transmit electrical impulses that relay information
11
Q
What are the Four Primary Tissue Types and their functions?
A
- organ tissue
Body structure that integrates different tissues and carries put a specific function
- epithelial tissue
Protection, secretion, absorption
- connective tissue
Structural support
- muscle tissue
Movement
- nervous tissue
Communication, coordination, control
12
Q
Exocrine and Endocrine Glands
A
- invagination of surface epithelium during gland formation
- secretory exocrine gland cell
- connecting cells are lost during development and becomes secretory endocrine gland cell
13
Q
What are the eleven body systems?
A
- circulatory
- digestive
- respiratory
- urinary
- skeletal
- muscular
- integumentary
- immune
- nervous
- endocrine
- reproductive
14
Q
Circulatory System consists of…
A
- heart, blood vessels, blood
15
Q
Digestive System consists of…
A
- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, salivary glands, exocrine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
16
Q
Respiratory System consists of…
A
- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
17
Q
Urinary System consists of…
A
- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
18
Q
Skeletal System consists of…
A
- bones, cartilage, joints
19
Q
Muscular System consists of…
A
- skeletal muscles
20
Q
What are the 5 components of the Body System?
A
- integumentary system
- immune system
- nervous system
- endocrine system
- reproductive system
21
Q
Integumentary System
A
- skin, hair, nails
22
Q
Immune System
A
- lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids, spleen, appendix, white white blood cells, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, skin-associated lymphoid tissue
23
Q
Nervous System
A
- brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
24
Q
Endocrine System
A
- all hormone secreting tissues, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, endocrine, pancreas, gonads, kidneys, pineal, thymus, parathyroids, intestine, heart, skin, adipose tissue
25
Reproductive System
- male
Testes, penis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, associated
- female
Ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, breasts
26
Concept of Homeostasis
- cells in a multicellular organism
- cannot live and function without other body cells
- most are not in direct contact with the surrounding external environment in which an organism lives
- life-sustaining exchanges are made through the internal environment: the fluid that surround the cells
27
Internal Environment
- body cells are in contact with a privately maintained internal environment
- intracellular fluid (ICF): fluid collectively contained within all body cells
- extracellular fluid (ECF): fluid outside the cells
Plasma, the fluid portion of blood
Interstitial fluid, which surrounds and bathes the cells
28
Homeostasis
- a dynamic, and relatively stable state in the internal environment
- body cells can live and function only when the ECF is compatible with their survival
- chemical composition and physical state of this internal environment must be maintained within narrow limits
29
Homeostatic Regulated Factors
- concentration of nutrients
- concentration of O2 and CO2
- concentration of waste products
- changes in pH
- concentration of water, salt and other electrolytes
- volume and pressure
- temperature
30
Circulatory and Digestive
- Circulatory System (heart, blood vessels, and blood)
- transport materials from one part of the body to another
- digestive system (mouth, esophagus, stomach intestine, and related organs)
- breaks down food into small nutrient molecules that can be absorbed
31
Respiratory and Urinary
- respiratory system (lungs and major airways)
- gets O2 form and eliminates CO2 to the external environment
- urinary system (kidneys and associated structures)
- removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from the plasma and eliminates them in the urine
32
Skeletal
- skeletal system (bones and joints)
- provides support and protection for soft tissues and organs
- serves as a storage reservoir for calcium
- enables the body and its parts to move
- bone marrow is the source of all blood cells
33
Muscular and Integumentary
- muscular system (skeletal muscles)
- moves bones attached to skeletal muscles
- voluntary movements range from fine motor skills to powerful movements
- generates heat and maintains body temperature
- integumentary system (skin and related structures)
- serves as an outer protective barrier
- important in regulating body temperature
34
Immune
- immune system (white blood cells and lymphoid organs)
- defends against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses and against body cells that have become cancerous
- helps in replacing injured or worn-out cells
35
Nervous and Endocrine
- nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs)
- controls and coordinates body activities that require swift responses
- endocrine system (all hormone-secreting glands)
- regulates activities that require duration rather than speed, such as growth
36
Reproductive
- reproductive system (male and female gonads and related organs)
- essential for perpetuating the species
- not essential for homeostasis
37
What is a homeostatic control system?
- an interconnected network of body components
| - operates to maintain a give factor in the internal environment at a relatively constant optimal level
38
How does the control system maintain homeostasis?
- to maintain homeostasis, the control system must be able to:
Detecte deviations from normal
Integrate this information with other information
Make adjustments to restore the factor to normal
39
Intrinsic (local) Homeostatic Control
- built into an organ
40
Extrinsic (systemic) Homeostatic Control
- initiates outside an organ to alter the organ’s activity
41
Negative Feedback
- opposing reaction to an initial change
- change in a controlled variable triggers a response that drives the variable in the opposite direction of the initial change, thus opposing the change
- Example:
Temperature below a set point, you’ll detect a change from normal and initiate a positive feedback from thermostat. Furnace will kick in and balance out the temperature to normal. Then once it hits the set point, a negative feedback will be triggered to counter the positive feedback.
42
Positive Feedback
- enhance or amplifies a change to move in the direction of initial change
- less common than negative feedback but is important in some instances
- Example:
Childbirth with the release of oxytocin and contractions in a loop
43
Feedforward Mechanisms
- initiate a response in anticipation
- infrequently used
- Example:
Insulin levels increase while a meal is in the digestive tract as an anticipatory response
44
Disruptions in Homeostasis
- can lead to illness and death if not able to equalize
- Pathophysiology: abnormal functioning of body associated with disease
- when a homeostatic disruption becomes so sever that it is no longer compatible with survival, death results
45
What factors must be homeostatically maintained, and which body systems contribute to maintaining each of these factors?
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46
What are the components of a homeostatic control system?
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47
Why is negative feedback important physiologically?
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