chapter 1: intro to psychopharmacology

Question 1

the study of how drugs affect mood, perception, cognition, and behaviour

Answer 1

psychopharmacology

Question 2

drugs that have effects on mood, perception, cognition, and behaviour by acting on the cns

Answer 2

psychoactive drugs

Question 3

the study of the effects of drugs and chemicals on living organisms

Answer 3

pharmacology

Question 4

the study of how drugs affect behaviour

Answer 4

behavioural pharmacology

Question 5

the study of how drugs affect the nervous system and how these changes alter behaviour

Answer 5

neuropsychopharmacology

Question 6

an administered substance that affects physiological functioning

Answer 6

drug

Question 7

using a drug to address a specific purpose; its intended purpose (i.e. prozac for depression)

Answer 7

instrumental drug use

Question 8

drugs used to treat psychological disorders

Answer 8

psychotropic drugs

Question 9

using a drug entirely to experience the drug’s effects (e.g. alcohol)

Answer 9

recreational drug use

Question 10

physiological need to use the drug in order to function “normally”

Answer 10

dependence

Question 11

a trademarked name that is assigned by the company that created the drug (e.g. valium)

Answer 11

trade/brand name

Question 12

a nonproprietary name that classifies a drug in a given category and distinguishes it from other drugs in that category (e.g. diazepam - a benzodiazepine)

Answer 12

generic name

Question 13

colloquial terms for a drug used by individuals who make, use, or sell drugs for recreational purposes

Answer 13

street name

Question 14

details a drug’s chemical structure per rules set forth by the international union of pure and applied chemistry

Answer 14

chemical name

Question 15

the ratio of the amount of drug per body weight

Answer 15

dose

Question 16

depicts the magnitude of a drug effect over a range of doses

Answer 16

dose-response/effect curve

Question 17

a dose that produces some percentage of a target response or a dose at which a certain percentage of individuals display some target response

Answer 17

effective dose (ED)

Question 18

the dose that produces 50% of some response or produces a target response in 50% of individuals

Answer 18

ED50

Question 19

where is ED50 represented on the dose-response curve?

Answer 19

inflection point

Question 20

what axis displays dose on the dose-response curve?

Answer 20

x

Question 21

what axis displays effect-response on the dose-response curve?

Answer 21

y

Question 22

the dose that produces the maximum response of a drug

Answer 22

ED100

Question 23

determined by the amount of drug required for some level of effect; compared by comparing ED of both drugs

Answer 23

potency

Question 24

dose that produces some toxic effect in a certain percentage of individuals

Answer 24

toxic dose (TD)

Question 25

difference in toxic and therapeutic doses (used for treatment) of a drug; indicator of how safe the drug is

Answer 25

therapeutic index

Question 26

calculation for therapeutic index

Answer 26

TD50/ED50

Question 27

what are developers looking for in terms of ED and TD?

Answer 27

full separation of ED and TD curves

Question 28

indicator of drug safety; found by dividing TD1 by ED99; ideally the two dose-response curves will not overlap

Answer 28

certain safety index (CSI)

Question 29

what level of CSI indicates that a drug is practically safe?

Answer 29

CSI>1

Question 30

the magnitude of the combined effect is the sum of each drug's effect (e.g. acetaminophen and aspirin - 1+1=2)

Answer 30

additive drug effects

Question 31

the combined effect is greater than the sum of each drug's effect (e.g. caffeine and aspirin - 1+1=4)

Answer 31

synergistic drug effects

Question 32

the study of the physiological actions of drugs; e.g. what receptor the drug acts on

Answer 32

pharmacodynamics

Question 33

the study of how drugs pass through and are eliminated from the body

Answer 33

pharmacokinetics

Question 34

the study of how genetic differences influence both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Answer 34

pharmacogenetics

Question 35

genetic differences

Answer 35

polymorphisms

Question 36

drug effects that can be directly observed by others (e.g. sobriety test)

Answer 36

objective effects

Question 37

drug effects that cannot be directly observed (e.g. mood, perceptual effects)

Answer 37

subjective effects

Question 38

substance that is made to be identical in appearance to the drug being studied but will give some inert side effect i.e. nausea which may be a side effect of the real drug

Answer 38

active placebo

Question 39

assignment of study treatments without used blinded procedures

Answer 39

open label

Question 40

integrating technologies to evaluate large numbers of putative drugs quickly

Answer 40

high-throughput screening

Question 41

first stage of therapeutic drug development; includes feasibility and profitability concerns

Answer 41

identifying disorder to treat

Question 42

second stage of therapeutic drug development; chemists synthesize experimental compounds

Answer 42

drug synthesis

Question 43

third stage of therapeutic drug development; includes high-throughput screening methods to guide synthesis of further compounds

Answer 43

biological experimentation

Question 44

fourth stage of therapeutic drug development; testing occurs with most promising compounds

Answer 44

focused screening methods

Question 45

fifth stage of therapeutic drug development; tests identify adverse effects and toxic doses (animal testing)

Answer 45

safety pharmacology

Question 46

sixth and final stage of therapeutic drug development; most effective and safest compounds are tested in humans

Answer 46

clinical trials

Question 47

adequacy of controlling variables that may influence a dependent variable

Answer 47

internal validity

Question 48

ability to extend findings beyond study conditions

Answer 48

external validity

Question 49

test appears to measure what a researcher considers it to measure

Answer 49

face validity

Question 50

how well a study's findings relate to the underlying theory of the study's objectives

Answer 50

construct validity

Question 51

ability of a model to predict treatment effects

Answer 51

predictive validity

Question 52

three types of validity that are relatively high in animal models

Answer 52

internal, construct, predictive

Question 53

what are the three Rs in animal research regulation?

Answer 53

replace, reduce, refine

Question 54

a government-approved therapeutic drug experiment in humans' drug development; a multistep process of developing an effective, safe, and profitable therapeutic drug

Answer 54

clinical trials