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Histology > Chapter 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Histology?

A

It is the science that deals with the study of tissues.

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2
Q

Histos=

A

Tissue.

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3
Q

Logy=

A

Science.

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelial Tissues, connective tissues, muscular tissues, and nervous tissues.

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5
Q

What are microscopes?

A

Optical instruments for examination of histological specimen.

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6
Q

What is A magnification power?

A

The degree of enlargement.

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7
Q

What is the resolution power?

A

The least distance between two points that can be seen as two not one point.

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8
Q

The resolution power of N.E.

A

0.2 mm

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9
Q

The resolution power of L.M. (Light microscope).

A

0.2 micrometers.

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10
Q

Resolution power of E.M. (Electron microscope).

A

0.2 nm

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11
Q

Millimeters is how many micrometers?

A

1000 micrometers.

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12
Q

One micrometer is how many nanometers?

A

1000 nanometers.

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13
Q

One nanometer is how many angstroms?

A

10 angstroms (A).

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14
Q

What are the types of microscopes?

A

Light microscope and electron microscope.

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15
Q

What is the source of illumination of a light microscope?

A

A mirror to reflect daylight or an electrical lamp.

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16
Q

What is the magnifying system of a light microscope?

A

Condenser lens:
1. Objective lenses.
2. Ocular lenses (eye piece).

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17
Q

How do you calculate the magnification power?

A

Power of object lenses x power of eye piece lenses.

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18
Q

Calculate the power of magnification of a light microscope.

A

Maximum magnification power= 15 (eye piece) x 100 (objective lens)= 1500 times.

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19
Q

What is the magnification power of a light microscope?

A

1500 times.

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20
Q

What is the resolution power of a light microscope?

A

0.2 micrometers.

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21
Q

What are the types of electron microscope?

A

Scanning microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM).

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22
Q

What is the source of illumination of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Electron beams.

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23
Q

What is the magnifying system of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Electromagnetic coils.

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24
Q

What is the magnifying power of a transmission electron microscope?

A

1000-100000 times or more= fluorescent screen.

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25
What is the resolution power of a transmission electron microscope?
0.2 nanometers.
26
Scanning electron microscope.
3D images on screen, will only show surfaces of the examined objects.
27
What are the methods of light microscopy?
Paraffin technique, freezing technique, and celloidin technique.
28
What is the most common technique?
Paraffin technique.
29
What is the most perfect technique?
Celloidin technique.
30
What is the most rapid technique?
Freezing technique.
31
Paraffin technique advantages.
1. Short time for preparation. 2. Gives serial sections. 3. Very thin sections. 4. Easy to be stained.
32
Paraffin technique disadvantages.
1. Solvents (xylol) dissolve the fat. 2. Heat damages the enzymes so it can’t show the chemical components of the cell.
33
Celloidin technique advantages:
1. Perfect sections with fine details. 2. No heat structure so it preserves the structure. 3. Suitable for large organs such as eyeball and soft tissues as the brain.
34
What are the disadvantages of celloidin technique?
1. Long time preparation. 2. Thick sections. 3. No serial sections. 4. Not easily stained.
35
What are the advantages of the freezing techniques?
1. Most rapid for diagnosis of tumors, during surgery. 2. Preserves enzymes and chemistry, used in Histochemical stains.
36
Disadvantages of freezing techniques.
1. Thick sections. 2. Difficult to be cut. 3. No serial sections. 4. Not easily stained.
37
No serial sections.
Freezing and celloidin techniques.
38
Thick sections.
Freezing and celloidin techniques.
39
Not easily stained.
Freezing and celloidin techniques.
40
Short time.
Freezing and paraffin. Freezing is the most rapid.
41
Gives serial sections for research.
Paraffin.
42
Perfect sections with fine details.
Celloidin.
43
Preserves enzymes and chemistry.
Freezing technique.
44
Difficult to be cut.
Freezing technique.
45
Most rapid for diagnosis of tumors in surgery.
Freezing technique.
46
Long time preparation.
Celloidin technique.
47
No heat structure.
Celloidin technique.
48
Solvents like xylol dissolve the fat.
Paraffin technique.
49
Very thin sections.
Paraffin technique.
50
Easy to be stained.
Paraffin technique.
51
Suitable for large organs.
Celloidin technique.
52
Heat damages the enzymes.
Paraffin technique.
53
Most commonly used stains.
Hematoxylin stain and Eosin stain. He and E or H and E.
54
What color is hematoxylin?
Basic blue.
55
What does the hematoxylin stain bind to?
It binds to acidic structures such as the nucleus. Called Basophilia.
56
What color is Eosin stain?
Acidic red.
57
What does eosin bind to?
It binds to basic structures such as the cytoplasm. It is called acidophilia.
58
What are special histological stains for light microscopy?
1.Silver (Ag). 2. Neutral stain. 3. Vital stain. 4. Super vital stain. 5. Metachromatic stain. 6. Histochemical stain. 7. Immunohistochemical stains. 8. Orcein stains.
59
Silver (Ag).
Stains Golgi apparatus, nerve cells, fibers with brown, and reticular fibers with black.
60
Neutral stains.
Leishman’s stain is a mixture of acidic and basic stains used to demonstrate blood cells.
61
Vital stain.
Staining living cells inside the living animal. It is used to stain cells as they phagocyte the stain. Ty Pham blue or Indian ink.
62
Super vital stain.
Staining living cells outside the living body. Example: staining reticulocytes ( immature red blood cells) with brilliant creaky blue.
63
Metachromatic stain.
Gives a new color different from that of the stain. Example: Toludine blue. When it stains basophils of blood or mast cells of C.T., it reacts with mucopolysaccharides in their granules giving the violet color. A phenomenon called metachromasia.
64
Hestochemical stains.
To demonstrate enzymes or chemical components.
65
Examples of histochemical stains.
Periodic acid shift reaction, fat stains, and enzymes.
66
Periodic acid shift reaction (PAS).
Stains glycogen with magnets red color.
67
Fat stains.
Need frozen sections. Sudan III stains fat with orange color.
68
Enzymes.
As acid and alkaline phosphates.
69
Immunohistochemical stains.
Uses antibodies to demonstrate specific antigens or immunofluorscent technique. Example: antibodies labeled with fluorescent dye to emit visible light.
70
Orcein stain.
Stains elastic fibers with brown color.

Histology (5 decks)

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