Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
What is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and
think about information
A
Cognitive Psychology
2
Q
Are mental shortcuts we use to
process information
A
Heuristics
3
Q
When we think about an issue and certain examples immediately
come to mind, we are using the?
A
Availability Heuristic
4
Q
is a developmental process whereby ideas evolve over time through a back-and-forth exchange
of ideas; in a way, it is like a discussion spread out over an extended period of time.
A
Dialectic
5
Q
What are 3 dialectical processes?
A
1.) A thesis is proposed
2.) An Antithesis emerges
3.) A synthesis integrates the viewpoints
6
Q
Is a statement of belief
A
thesis
7
Q
is a statement that counters a thesis
A
antithesis
8
Q
work together for our development
A
nature and nurture
9
Q
What integrates the most credible features of each two?
A
synthesis
10
Q
What is the examination of inner ideas and experiences?
A
Introspection
11
Q
seeks a scientific study of life through empirical methods?
A
Physiology
12
Q
seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world through…
A
Philosophy
13
Q
How rationalism and empiricism started?
A
14
Q
who believes that the route to knowledge is
through thinking and logical analysis
A
rationalist
15
Q
someone who believes that we acquire knowledge via
empirical evidence or through experience and observation
A
Empiricist
16
Q
Who were the person behind rationalism
A
Plato and Rene Descartes
17
Q
Who were the person behind empiricism?
A
Aristotle and John Locke
18
Q
T/F: Rationalist does not need any experiments to develop new knowledge
A
T
19
Q
believed that one could not rely on one’s senses because those very senses have often proven to be deceptive
A
Rene Descartes
20
Q
A famous quote of Rene Descartes
A
Cogito ergo sum or I think,therefore, i am
21
Q
-German philosopher, who synthesized the views of Descartes and Locke, arguing that both rationalism and empiricism have
their place
A
Immanuel Kant
22
Q
-believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore
must seek knowledge through empirical observations
A
John locke
23
Q
John locke regard human mind as ?
A
Tabula rasa
24
Q
Tabula Rasa in latin means?
A
Blank state
25
What are the 3 methods to gain knowledge?
Rationalism- through reflective thinking and logical analysis
Empiricism- observation and experiences
Synthesis- observation and logical analysis
26
What are the 7 approaches in studying cognitive psychology?
structuralism, functionalism, pragmatism, associationism, behaviorism, gestalt psychology, cognitivism
27
Who were the person behind structuralism?
Wilhem wundt, Edward tItchener
28
seeks to understand the structure (configuration of elements) of the
mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their
constituent components (affection, attention, memory, and sensation)
Structuralism
29
Are conscious observation of one's own thinking process?
Introspection
30
What are the challenges associated with introspection?
1. People may not always be able to say exactly what goes through
their mind or may not be able to put it into adequate words.
2. What they say may not be accurate.
3. The fact that people are asked to pay attention to their thoughts
or to speak out loud while they are working on a task may itself
alter the processes that are going on.
31
viewed as the first fullfledged structuralist
Edward titchener
32
German psychologist, who founded structuralism; the father of
structuralism in psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
33
who helped bring structuralism to the United States?
Edward Titchner
34
Who founded the first laboratory?
WW
34
Who were the person behind functionalism and pragmatism?
William James, John dewey
35
Who were the person behind associationism
Hemann Ebbinghaus, Edward Lee thorndike
36
-seeks to understand what people do and why they do it
Functionalism
37
Pragmatism means?
Practicality
38
believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness
Pragmatist
39
associating things than tend to occur at the same time
continguity
40
they are concerned not only with knowing what people do; they also want to know what can we do with our knowledge of what
people do
Pragmatist
41
-WHO was remembered primarily for his pragmatic approach to thinking and
schooling
John dewey
42
What was WJ chief functional contribution to the field of Psychology?
Principles of Psychology
43
founder of functionalism and a leader in guiding functionalism
toward pragmatism
WIlliam James
44
associating things with similar features
Similarity
45
-examines how elements of the mind, such as events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in
a form of learning
Associationism
46
associating things that show polarities or
differences (ex: hot/cold, day/night)
Contrast
47
the conscious repetition of material to be learned
Rehearsal
48
Who was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles
systematically, he also studied his own mental processes
Hermann Ebbinghaus
49
Hermann used this instrument to shows the repetition result
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
50
a stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time of
an organism is rewarded for that response
the law of effect
51
states that we best understand psychological phenomena when
we view them as organized, structured wholes
Gestalt Psychology
51
focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and
environmental events or stimuli
Behaviorism
52
-studied involuntary learning behavior through an experiment with
the observation that dogs salivated in response to the sight of the
technician who fed them
Ivan Pavlov
53
Who were the 2 whom regarded the mind as a black box
Edward tolman and albert bandura
54
what conditioning did pavlov used?
CC
55
>effective conditioning requires…
contingency
56
in form of reward and punishment that is aligned
on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus
contingency
57
considered an extreme version of associationism
behaviorism
58
the father of radical behaviorism
* - believed that psychologists should concentrate only on the study
of observable behavior
john watson
59
- involving the strengthening or weakening
of behavior, contingent on the presence or absence of
reinforcement (rewards or punishment)
operant conditioning
60
a radical behaviorist, believed that virtually all forms of human
behavior, not just learning, could be explained by reactions to the
environment.
BF Skinner
61
who founded
Gestalt psychology in the early 20th century.
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler
62
Who regarded the mind as black box
behaviorist
62
viewed as a forefather of modern cognitive psychology
* - thought that understanding behavior required taking into
account the purpose of, and the plan for, the behavior
* - believed that all behavior is directed toward a goal
edward tolman
63
noted that learning appears to result not merely from direct
reward for behavior, but it can also be social, resulting from
observations of the reward or punishments given to others
Albert bandura
64
In the early 1950s, a movement took place in response to behaviorism?
Cognitive revolution
65
the belief that most human behavior explains how
people think;
cognitivism
66
A synthesis of gestalt psychology and behaviorism
COgnitivism
67
-he considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of
behavior
Karl spencer Lashley
68
proposed the concept of cell assemblies as the basis for
learning in the brain
donald hebb
69
are coordinated neural structures that develop
through frequent simulation
Cell assemblies
70
WHo wrote an entire book describing how language
acquisition and usage could be explained purely in terms of
environmental contingencies.
bf skinnner
71
judges whether a computer program’s output was
indistinguishable from the output of humans
turing test
72
-father of psycholinguistics
Noam Chomsky
73
defined as human attempts to
construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the
intelligent processing of information
AI
74
-popularized the concept of the modularity of mind
* -argued that the mind has distinct modules, of special-purpose
systems, to deal with linguistic and, possibly, other kinds of
information
Jerry Fodor
75
a phrenologist who in the late eighteenth century believed that
the pattern of bumps and swells on the skull was directly
associated with one’s pattern of cognitive skills
Franz Joseph Gall
76
was especially crucial
in bringing cognitivism to prominence by informing undergraduates,
graduate students, and academics about the newly developed field
Ulric Neissers book cognitive Psychology
77
What are the 6 research goals?
*data gathering
* *data analysis
* *theory development
* *hypothesis formulation
* *hypothesis testing / experimentation
* *application to settings outside the research environment
78
indicates the likelihood that a given set of
results would be obtained if only chance factors were in operation.
statistical significance
79
an organized body of general explanatory principles
regarding a phenomenon, usually based on observations
theory
80
tentative proposals regarding expected empirical consequences of the theory, such as the outcomes of research
hypotheses
81
ILLUSTRATE THE INVESTIGATIVE CYCLE
82
what are the 6 distinctive research methods?
1. laboratory or other controlled experiments
* 2. neuroscientific research
* 3. self-reports
* 4. case studies
* 5. naturalistic observation
* 6. computer simulations and AI1. laboratory or other controlled experiments
83
outcome responses, the values of which
depend on how one or more independent variables influence the
participants in the experiment
DV
84
aspects of an investigation that are
individually manipulated
iv
85
irrelevant variables that are held constant
control V
86
type of irrelevant variable that has been left
uncontrolled in a study; we must be careful to avoid its influence in
our study
cofounding variable
87
study the relationship
between cognitive performance and cerebral events and
structures
neuroscientific research investigators
88
An individual own account of cognitive processes
self reports
89
in depth studies of invidual
case study
90
detailed studies of cognitive performance in everyday situation and non laboratory context
naturalistic observation
91
who was a railroad worker who, in 1848,
had a large metal spike driven through his frontal lobes in a freak
accident.
Phineas Gage
92
is a cross-disciplinary field that uses ideas and
methods from cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, AI,
philosophy, linguistics, and anthropology.
Cognitive science
93
what are the fundamental ideas in cognitive psychology?
1. Empirical data and theories are both important - data in cognitive
psychology can be fully understood only in the context of an
explanatory theory, and theories are empty without empirical
data.
2. Cognitive is generally adaptive, but not in all specific instances.
3. Cognitive processes interact with each other and with non
cognitive processes.
4. Cognition needs to be studied through a variety of scientific
methods.
5. All basic research in cognitive psychology may lead to
applications, and all applied research may lead to basic
understandings.
94
We can combine theory with empirical methods to learn the most we can about cognitive phenomena?
Rationalism vs empiricism
95
We can combine the 2 kinds of research so that basic research leads applied research which leads to further basic research
applied vs basic research
96
We can try to synthenisze biological and behavioral methods so that we can understand cognitive phenomena at multiple levels of analysis
biological vs behavioral methods
97
we can explore how covariations and interactions in the environment adversely affect someone whose genes led too success of variety of task
nature vs nurture
