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Chapter 1 Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an active mind?

A

A mind that transforms, interprets, understands, or values physical experience. The rationalists assume an active mind.

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2
Q

What are anomalies?

A

Persistent observations that cannot be explained by an existing paradigm. Anomalies eventually cause one paradigm to displace another.

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3
Q

What is biological determinism?

A

The type of determinism that stresses the biochemical, genetic, physiological, or anatomical causes of behavior.

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4
Q

What are causal laws?

A

Laws describing causal relationships that specify the conditions necessary and sufficient to produce a certain event.

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5
Q

What is cognitive archaeology?

A

The interdisciplinary consideration of archaeological data from perspectives such as psychology.

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6
Q

What are confirmable propositions?

A

Within science, propositions capable of validation through empirical tests.

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7
Q

What are correlational laws?

A

Laws that specify the systematic relationships among classes of empirical events, which do not need to be causally related.

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8
Q

What is the correspondence theory of truth?

A

The belief that scientific laws and theories are correct insofar as they accurately mirror events in the physical world.

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9
Q

What is determinism?

A

The belief that everything that occurs does so because of known or knowable causes, allowing for prediction and control of events.

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10
Q

What is double aspectism?

A

The belief that bodily and mental events are inseparable because they are two aspects of every experience.

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11
Q

Who was June Etta Downey?

A

A student of both Titchener and Angell who became the first woman to head a department of philosophy and psychology at a state university.

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12
Q

What are dualists?

A

Individuals who believe that there are two aspects to humans, one physical and one mental.

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13
Q

What is the eclectic approach?

A

Taking the best from a variety of viewpoints, combining coverage of individuals, ideas, and contributions from other disciplines.

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14
Q

What is emergentism?

A

The contention that mental processes emerge from brain processes, with interactionist and epiphenomenalist forms.

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15
Q

What is empirical observation?

A

The direct observation of that which is being studied in order to understand it.

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16
Q

What is empiricism?

A

The belief that the basis of all knowledge is experience.

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17
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

The type of determinism that stresses causes of behavior that are external to the organism.

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18
Q

What is epiphenomenalism?

A

The form of emergentism that states that mental events emerge from brain activity but are behaviorally irrelevant.

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19
Q

What is epistemology?

A

The study of the nature of knowledge.

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20
Q

Who was Paul Feyerabend?

A

Argued that science cannot be described by any standard set of rules, principles, or standards.

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21
Q

What is the great person approach?

A

The approach to history that concentrates on the most prominent contributors to the topic or field under consideration.

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22
Q

What is the historical development approach?

A

The approach to history that describes how understanding of an element has changed over time.

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23
Q

What is historicism?

A

The study of the past for its own sake, without attempting to interpret it in terms of current knowledge.

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24
Q

What is historiography?

A

The study of the proper way to write history.

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25
What are idealists?
Those who believe that ultimate reality consists of ideas or perceptions and is not physical.
26
What is indeterminism?
The contention that measuring causes influences those causes, making it impossible to know them with certainty.
27
What is interactionism?
A proposed answer to the mind-body problem, maintaining that bodily experiences influence the mind and vice versa.
28
What is irrationalism?
Any explanation of human behavior stressing determinants that are not under rational control.
29
Who was Thomas Kuhn?
Believed that scientific activities are governed by a shared set of beliefs called a paradigm.
30
What are materialists?
Those who believe that everything in the universe is material, including mental phenomena.
31
What is mechanism?
The belief that the behavior of organisms can be explained entirely in terms of mechanical laws.
32
What are monists?
Those who believe that there is only one reality, whether material or mental.
33
What is naive realism?
The belief that what one experiences mentally is the same as what is present physically.
34
Who are nativists?
Individuals who believe that important human attributes are largely inherited.
35
What is nondeterminism?
The belief that human thought or behavior is freely chosen and not caused by antecedent events.
36
What is normal science?
The research activities performed by scientists as they explore the implications of a paradigm.
37
What is occasionalism?
The belief that the relationship between the mind and body is mediated by God.
38
What is a paradigm?
A viewpoint shared by many scientists that determines legitimate problems and methodologies.
39
What is the paradigmatic stage?
The stage in the development of a science during which scientific activity is guided by a paradigm.
40
What is a passive mind?
A mind that simply reflects cognitively one’s experiences with the physical world.
41
What is physical determinism?
The type of determinism that stresses material causes of behavior.
42
Who was Karl Popper?
Saw scientific method as having three components: problems, proposed solutions, and criticisms.
43
What is postdiction?
An attempt to account for something after it has occurred, contrasted with prediction.
44
What is preestablished harmony?
The belief that bodily and mental events are separate but correlated because both were designed to run identical courses.
45
What is the preparadigmatic stage?
The first stage in the development of science, characterized by competing factions.
46
What is presentism?
Interpreting historical events in terms of contemporary knowledge and standards.
47
What is the principle of falsifiability?
Popper’s contention that a scientific theory must specify observations that would refute it.
48
What is psychical determinism?
The type of determinism that stresses mental causes of behavior.
49
What is psychophysical parallelism?
The contention that experiencing something in the physical world causes simultaneous bodily and mental activity.
50
What is public observation?
The stipulation that scientific laws must be available for any interested person to observe.
51
What is puzzle solving in normal science?
Normal science is like puzzle solving, with specified problems and guaranteed solutions.
52
What is rationalism?
The philosophical belief that knowledge can be attained through systematic mental activity.
53
What is reification?
The belief that abstractions have an existence independent of their names.
54
What is relativism?
The belief that the search for universal truths is in vain, as all experience is filtered through perspectives.
55
What is the revolutionary stage?
The stage of scientific development during which an existing paradigm is displaced by a new one.
56
What are risky predictions?
Predictions derived from a scientific theory that run a real chance of showing the theory to be false.
57
What is science?
The systematic attempt to categorize or explain empirical observations, with emphasis on testing proposed solutions.
58
What is a scientific law?
A consistently observed relationship between classes of empirical events.
59
What is a scientific theory?
A proposed explanation of a number of empirical observations.
60
What is sociocultural determinism?
The type of environmental determinism that stresses cultural or societal rules as causes of behavior.
61
What is the uncertainty principle?
See Indeterminism.
62
What is universalism?
The belief that there are universal truths that can be discovered using proper methods of inquiry.
63
What is vitalism?
The belief that life cannot be explained in terms of inanimate processes and requires a vital force.
64
What is zeitgeist?
The spirit of the times.

Hergenhahn (2 decks)

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