Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards
(299 cards)
What does Homo sapiens mean?
Man the wise
What is the main focus of the field of artificial intelligence (AI)?
Building intelligent entities that can compute how to act effectively and safely
What are some subfields of AI?
Learning, reasoning, perception, playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, driving a car, diagnosing diseases
True or False: AI is only relevant to a few specific intellectual tasks.
False
What is the Turing test?
A thought experiment designed to determine if a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human.
Proposed by Alan Turing in 1950.
What criteria must a computer meet to pass the Turing test?
The computer must demonstrate:
* natural language processing
* knowledge representation
* automated reasoning
* machine learning
These capabilities allow the computer to communicate, store knowledge, answer questions, and adapt to new situations.
What does natural language processing enable a computer to do?
Communicate successfully in a human language.
It is essential for understanding and generating human language.
What is knowledge representation in AI?
The ability to store what a computer knows or hears.
It is crucial for reasoning and decision-making.
Define automated reasoning in the context of AI.
The ability to answer questions and draw new conclusions.
This involves logical deductions based on stored knowledge.
What role does machine learning play in AI?
It allows a computer to adapt to new circumstances and detect and extrapolate patterns.
Machine learning is essential for improving performance over time.
What is the total Turing test?
A test that requires a robot to interact with objects and people in the real world.
This test expands on the original Turing test by including physical interaction.
What additional capabilities are needed for a robot to pass the total Turing test?
The robot needs:
* computer vision
* speech recognition
* robotics
These capabilities allow the robot to perceive and manipulate its environment.
True or False: Turing believed that physical simulation of a person is necessary to demonstrate intelligence.
False.
Turing viewed physical simulation as unnecessary for demonstrating intelligence.
What are the three ways we can learn about human thought?
- introspection
- psychological experiments
- brain imaging
These methods help us understand the processes and mechanisms behind human cognition.
What is required to express a theory of the mind as a computer program?
A sufficiently precise theory of the mind
This enables the program’s input-output behavior to be compared with human behavior.
Who developed the General Problem Solver (GPS)?
Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
GPS was created in 1961 and aimed to solve problems while comparing its reasoning steps with human subjects.
Who was one of the first philosophers to codify ‘right thinking’?
Aristotle
Aristotle’s work laid the foundation for formal logic.
What are syllogisms?
Patterns for argument structures that yield correct conclusions from correct premises
An example includes: ‘Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore, Socrates is mortal.’
What field of study was initiated by the laws of thought proposed by Aristotle?
Logic
Logic governs the operation of the mind and reasoning processes.
What did logicians in the 19th century develop?
A precise notation for statements about objects and their relations
This contrasts with ordinary arithmetic notation.
By what year could programs, in principle, solve any solvable problem described in logical notation?
1965
This marked a significant advancement in the field of artificial intelligence.
What theory fills the gap of reasoning with uncertain information?
The theory of probability
It enables rigorous reasoning despite uncertainty.
What does the theory of probability allow in terms of rational thought?
Construction of a comprehensive model leading to predictions about the future
It starts from raw perceptual information.
True or False: Rational thought alone is sufficient for generating intelligent behavior.
False
A theory of rational action is also needed.