Chapter 1: Introduction: Evolution and the Foundation of Biology

Question 1

What process drives the unity and diversity of life?

Answer 1

evolution

Question 2

How do biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks?

Answer 2

by using them to reproduce, grow, and maintain dynamic homeostasis

Question 3

What do living systems store, receive, transmit, and respond to that is essential to life processes?

Answer 3

information

Question 4

Evolution

Answer 4

concept that organisms living on Earth are modified descendants of common ancestors
the process of change over time that has resulted in the astounding array of organisms found on Earth

Question 5

What is a result of evolution?

Answer 5

the characteristics of how an animal species adapts to its environment

Question 6

Biology

Answer 6

scientific study of life (asking questions about the living world through scientific inquiry)

Question 7

Unifying Themes of Biology

Answer 7

organization, information, energy & matter, interactions, and evolution

Question 8

Organization

Answer 8

new properties emerge at successive levels of biological organization

Question 9

Emergent Properties

Answer 9

novel properties that emerge at each level of biological organization that are absent from the preceding one

Question 10

Levels of Organization

Answer 10

molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, populations, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Question 11

Molecule

Answer 11

chemical structure containing 2+ atoms

Question 12

Organelle

Answer 12

various functional components present in cells

Question 13

Cell

Answer 13

life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

Question 14

Tissue

Answer 14

group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function

Question 15

Organ

Answer 15

body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body

Question 16

Organism

Answer 16

individual living things

Question 17

Population

Answer 17

consist of all individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area

Question 18

(Biological) Community

Answer 18

array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

Question 19

Ecosystem

Answer 19

consists of living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components (soil, water, atmospheric gasses, light, etc.) of the environment with which life interacts

Question 20

Biosphere

Answer 20

consists of all life on Earth and all the places life exists (most regions of land, most bodies of water, the atmosphere to an altitude of several kilometers, and even sediments far below the ocean floor)

Question 21

Systems Biology

Answer 21

the exploration of the network of interactions that underlie the emergent properties of a system

Question 22

Structure

Answer 22

life form

Question 23

Function

Answer 23

what it does/how it works

Question 24

Analyzing (structure, function) helps us determine (structure, function).

Answer 24

structure, function

Question 25

What do life's processes express and transmit?

Answer 25

genetic information

Question 26

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 26

the form of genetic information takes when it is present in chromosomes

Question 27

Gene

Answer 27

a section of DNA in the chromosome

Question 28

Genes are units of ______ (from ______ to ______)

Answer 28

inheritance, parent, child

Question 29

Single-cell with DNA from parents (______ cell) -> DNA ______ and ______ division -> ______ of DNA copies -> (millions/billions/trillions) of cells in the body (offspring with traits from (one/both) parents

Answer 29

fertilized, replication, cell, transmission, trillions, both

Question 30

Structure of DNA

Answer 30

double helix molecular structure made of Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine nucleotides

Question 31

Nucleotides

Answer 31

chemical building blocks

Question 32

How are specific proteins built?

Answer 32

the specific way the sequence of the nucleotides is ordered in the molecular structure

Question 33

Protein Anatomy

Answer 33

series of linked amino acids

Question 34

Protein Physiology

Answer 34

significant to build, repair, and carry out its activities

Question 35

Transcription

Answer 35

using information in DNA's nucleotide structure, cell makes/transcribes mRNA

Question 36

mRNA

Answer 36

specific type of RNA molecule

Question 37

Translation

Answer 37

cell translates information in mRNA sequence to make proteins

Question 38

Protein Folding

Answer 38

amino acids fold into specific protein that has unique function and function

Question 39

Gene Expression

Answer 39

entire process that it takes for the information in genes to direct cellular production

Question 40

How are different species differentiated?

Answer 40

by differences in nucleotide sequences, not by genetic codes

Question 41

Genome

Answer 41

entire "library" of genetic information of organism

Question 42

Genome Sequence

Answer 42

entire sequence of nucleotides for representative species member

Question 43

Genomics

Answer 43

when researchers study whole sets of genes of one or more species

Question 44

Proteomics

Answer 44

study of sets of proteins and their properties

Question 45

Proteome

Answer 45

entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell/group of cells

Question 46

Bioinformatics

Answer 46

use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze huge volumes of data from high-throughput methods

Question 47

High-Throughput Methods of DNA Sequencing

Answer 47

tools that can rapidly analyze many biological samples

Question 48

Interdisciplinary Research Team

Answer 48

groups of diverse specialists that want to learn how proteins and RNAs encoded by DNA's activities are coordinated in cells and whole organisms

Question 49

What needs to be transferred and transformed to meet life's requirements?

Answer 49

energy and matter

Question 50

How is life possible?

Answer 50

the movement, growth, reproduction, and other activities by cells that are powered by energy

Question 51

What is the process of photosynthesis?

Answer 51

plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy (stored in food molecules), which is used to do work and escape from ecosystems as heat energy

Question 52

Chemical Cycling

Answer 52

1. sun's light energy 2. plants absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy 3. organisms consume plants and use the chemical energy they absorb from them to do work 4. decomposers break down dead organisms and leaf litter and return their energy to the soil

Question 53

True or false: Chemical energy stays in the ecosystem and is recycled, while light energy escapes as heat.

Answer 53

true

Question 54

Organisms interact with ______ ______ and the ______ ______.

Answer 54

other organisms, physical environment

Question 55

Types of Interactions

Answer 55

-mutually beneficial relationships (mutualisms) -one species benefits off the suffering of another -mutually harmful relationships

Question 56

Climate Change

Answer 56

directional change to global climate lasting 30+ years

Question 57

Estimate number of species

Answer 57

10 million -> 100 million +

Question 58

Genera

Answer 58

multiple genes

Question 59

Genera -> ______ -> ______ -> ______

Answer 59

family, order, class

Question 60

Prokaryotes

Answer 60

organisms with prokaryotic cells

Question 61

Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 61

type of cell without membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

Question 62

Eukaryotes

Answer 62

organisms with eukaryotic cells

Question 63

Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 63

type of cell with membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

Question 64

Eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells are the larger of the two.

Answer 64

eukaryotic

Question 65

Eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells form single-cell microorganisms (bacteria and archaea)

Answer 65

prokaryotic

Question 66

Domains of Life

Answer 66

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 67

Bacteria Domain

Answer 67

most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are classified into multiple kingdoms

Question 68

Which eukarya domain kingdom/group of kingdoms is defined by the nutritional mode of its members, which absorb nutrients from outside their bodies?

Answer 68

Kingdom Fungi

Question 69

Archaea Domain

Answer 69

types of prokaryotes that live in Earth's extreme environments and are classified into multiple kingdoms

Question 70

Eukarya Domain Kingdoms/Groups of Kingdoms

Answer 70

Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Protists

Question 71

Which eukarya domain kingdom/group of kingdoms consists of terrestrial multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis (light energy converted into chemical energy)?

Answer 71

Kingdom Plantae

Question 72

Which eukarya domain kingdom/group of kingdoms consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms?

Answer 72

Kingdom Animalia

Question 73

Which eukarya domain kingdom/group of kingdoms consists of primarily unicellular eukaryotes and some multicellular eukaryotes?

Answer 73

Protists