Chapter 1 Introduction QUIZ 1 Flashcards
(183 cards)
aetiology
all the factors that contribute to the development of an illness or disorder
agonist
a drug that stimulates receptors normally specific to a particular neurotransmitter
analytical psychology
the psychoanalytical system of psychology developed and practised by Carl Gustav Jung
amygdala
a subcortical structure of the temporal lobe involved in attention to emotionally salient stimuli and memory of emotionally relevant events
allele
any of the various forms of a particular gene
anal stage
in psychoanalytic theory, the second psychosexual stage, which occurs during the second year of life when the anus is considered the principal erogenous zone
archetype
a primitive mental image inherited from the earliest human ancestors and supposed to be present in the collective unconscious (from Jung’s psychoanalytic theory)
animal model
the use in research of animals to study a disease, psychological or psychopathological process that is similar to a human condition
antagonist
a drug that dampens the effect of a neurotransmitter on its receptors; for example, many dopamine antagonists block dopamine receptors
anxiety
an unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension accompanied by increased physiological arousal; can be assessed by self-report, measuring physiological arousal and observing overt behaviour
anxiety disorders
disorders in which fear or anxiety is overriding; include phobic disorders, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder and agoraphobia
attachment theory
the type or style of an infant’s attachment to his or her caregivers can set the stage for psychological health or problems later in development
asylums
refuges established in Western Europe in the fifteenth century to confine and provide for the mentally ill; forerunners of the mental hospital
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a disorder in children marked by difficulties in focusing adaptively on the task at hand, inappropriate fidgeting and antisocial behaviour, and excessive non-goal-directed behaviour
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
the division of the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions; innervates endocrine glands, smooth muscle and heart muscle; and initiates the physiological changes that are part of the expression of emotion.
behaviour therapy
a branch of psychotherapy conceived narrowly as the application of classical and operant conditioning to the alteration of clinical problems but more broadly as applied experimental psychology in a clinical context
behaviour genetics
the study of individual differences in behaviour that are attributable to differences in genetic make-up
behavioural medicine
an interdisciplinary field concerned with integrating knowledge from medicine and behavioural science to understand health and illness and to prevent as well as treat psychophysiological disorders and other illnesses in which a person’s psyche plays a role.
basal ganglia
part of the brain consisting of multiple subcortical nuclei situated at the base of the forebrain. Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. They are primarily responsible for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviours and emotions.
behaviour therapy
a branch of psychotherapy conceived narrowly as the application of classical and operant conditioning to the alteration of clinical problems but more broadly as applied experimental psychology in a clinical context
behavioural activation (BA) therapy
clinical approach to depression that seeks to increase participation in positively reinforcing activities
biopsychosocial framework
a framework used to understand the importance of biological, psychological and social factors that impact on behaviour
benzodiazepines
any of several drugs commonly used to treat anxiety, such as Valium and Xanax
behaviourism
the school of psychology originally associated with John B Watson, who proposed that observable behaviour, not consciousness, is the proper subject matter of psychology. Contemporary behaviourists do use mediational concepts, provided they are firmly anchored to observables