Chapter 1: Introduction: Studying the human body

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

the study of body structure, which includes size, shape, composition and coloration.

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

the study of how the body functions.

Question 3

Levels of Organization

Answer 3

chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism/individual.

Question 4

Integumentary

Answer 4

Function: barrier to pathogens and chemicals prevents excessive water loss.
Organs: skin, hair, subcutaneous tissue.

Question 5

Skeletal

Answer 5

Function: supports the body, protects internal organs, provides a framework to be moved by muscles.
Organs: bones, ligaments.

Question 6

Muscular

Answer 6

Functions: moves the skeleton, produces heat.
Organs: muscles, tendons.

Question 7

Nervous

Answer 7

Functions: interprets sensory information, regulates body functions such as movement by means of electrochemical impulses.
Organs: brain, nerves, eyes, ears

Question 8

Endocrine

Answer 8

Functions: regulates body functions through the use of hormones.
Organs: thyroid gland, pituitary.

Question 9

Cardiovascular

Answer 9

Functions: transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products.
Organs: heart, blood, arteries.

Question 10

Lymphatic

Answer 10

Functions: return tissue fluid to the blood, destroy pathogens that enter the body.
Organs: spleen, lymph nodes.

Question 11

Respiratory

Answer 11

Functions: exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.
Organs: lungs, trachea, larynx.

Question 12

Digestive

Answer 12

Functions: changes food to simple chemical that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Organs: stomach, colon, liver.

Question 13

Urinary

Answer 13

Functions: removes waste products from the blood regulates volume and ph. of blood.
Organs: kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra.

Question 14

Reproductive

Answer 14

Functions: produces eggs or sperm.
In women, provides a site for the developing embryo/fetus.
Organs: Female: ovaries, uterus
Male: testes, prostate gland.

Question 15

Homeostasis

Answer 15

reflects the ability of the body to maintain relative stability and to function normally despite constant changes.

Question 16

Negative feedback

Answer 16

a variation outside the desired range triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation. Is involved in homeostatic regulation.

Question 17

Positive feedback

Answer 17

an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions rather than opposing it.

Question 18

Anatomic Position

Answer 18

body erect, facing observer, feet together, arms at side, palm’s forward.

Question 19

Prone (other position)

Answer 19

lying horizontally, face downward

Question 20

Supine (other position)

Answer 20

lying horizontally, face upward

Question 21

Cranial

Answer 21

head end, aka cephalic

Question 22

Caudal

Answer 22

the tail end (in humans, this is toward the feet).

Question 23

Ventral

Answer 23

the bell side

Question 24

Dorsal

Answer 24

backside

Question 25

Posterior

Answer 25

back of the body-synonymous with "dorsal" in bipeds and "caudal" in quadrupeds'.

Question 26

Anterior

Answer 26

front of the body-synonymous with "ventral" in bipeds and "cranial" in quadrupeds

Question 27

Superior

Answer 27

top of the body-synonymous with "cranial" and "dorsal" in quadrupeds; above.

Question 28

Inferior

Answer 28

bottom of the body-synonymous with "caudal" in bipeds and "ventral" in quadrupeds; below.

Question 29

Medial

Answer 29

toward the mid-line of the body

Question 30

Lateral

Answer 30

away from the mid-line of the body

Question 31

Proximal

Answer 31

closer to the main body or trunk

Question 32

Distal

Answer 32

further from the main body or trunk

Question 33

Superficial

Answer 33

close to the surface of the body

Question 34

Deep

Answer 34

away form the surface of the body

Question 35

Internal

Answer 35

within, or interior to

Question 36

External

Answer 36

outside, or exterior to

Question 37

Abdomen

Answer 37

stomach

Question 38

Antebrachium

Answer 38

forearm

Question 39

Axillary

Answer 39

armpit; junction of arm and trunk

Question 40

Brachial

Answer 40

arm

Question 41

Buccal/ Oris

Answer 41

mouth

Question 42

Calcaneus

Answer 42

heel

Question 43

Cardiac

Answer 43

heart

Question 44

Cephalon

Answer 44

head

Question 45

Cervical

Answer 45

neck

Question 46

Cranial

Answer 46

skull

Question 47

Cutaneous

Answer 47

skin

Question 48

Deltoid

Answer 48

shoulder

Question 49

Digits

Answer 49

toes or finger

Question 50

Dorsum

Answer 50

upper back

Question 51

Femoral

Answer 51

thigh

Question 52

Frontal

Answer 52

forehead

Question 53

Gastric

Answer 53

stomach

Question 54

Gluteal

Answer 54

buttocks

Question 55

Hepatic

Answer 55

liver

Question 56

Iliac

Answer 56

hip

Question 57

Inguinal

Answer 57

groin, junction of thigh to truck

Question 58

Inguinal

Answer 58

lower back, between thorax and pelvis

Question 59

Mamma

Answer 59

breast

Question 60

Nasal

Answer 60

nose

Question 61

Occipital

Answer 61

back of head

Question 62

Orbital/ Ocular

Answer 62

eye

Question 63

Otic

Answer 63

ear

Question 64

Parietal

Answer 64

crown of head

Question 65

Palmer

Answer 65

palm of the hand

Question 66

Patellar

Answer 66

kneecap

Question 67

Pes

Answer 67

foot

Question 68

Plantar

Answer 68

soel of the foot

Question 69

Popliteal

Answer 69

back of knee

Question 70

Pubis

Answer 70

pubic

Question 71

Pulmonary

Answer 71

lungs

Question 72

Pollex

Answer 72

thumb

Question 73

Sacral

Answer 73

lowest portion of back

Question 74

Sura

Answer 74

calf

Question 75

Tarsus

Answer 75

ankle

Question 76

Thoracic

Answer 76

the chest region, of "thorax"

Question 77

Umbilicus

Answer 77

novel

Question 78

Dorsal cavity (posterior and major body cavity)

Answer 78

contains the central nervous system and consists of the cranial cavity (formed by the skull and the brain) and spinal cavity (formed by the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord). the membranes that line these cavities and cover the brain and spinal cord are called meninges.

Question 79

Ventral cavity (anterior and major body cavity)

Answer 79

consists of 3 compartments, 2 separated by the diaphragm; thoracic cavity(includes the heart and lungs, membranes of the thoracic cavity are serous membranes; the heart has its own set of serous membranes called pericardial membranes; abdominal cavity includes the liver, stomach, and intestines, the membranes of the abdominal cavity are also serous membranes called the peritoneum and mesentery; pelvic cavity-inferior to the abdominal cavity containing the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.