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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Biology is ___

A

The study of Life

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2
Q

Anatomy is ___

A

The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among the body parts

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3
Q

Physiology is ____

A

The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

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4
Q

Physiological functions are performed by ___

A

Specific structures

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5
Q

Medical terminology is ____

A

The use of prefixes, suffixes, word roots, and combining forms to construct anatomical, physiological, or medical terms.

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6
Q

Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy

A

Features visible without a microscope

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7
Q

Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy includes ___

A

Surface, regional, and systemic anatomy

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8
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

General form and superficial markings

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9
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Anatomical organization of specific areas of the body

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10
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Structure of organ systems

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11
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity

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12
Q

Embryology

A

Developmental processes that occur during the first two months of development

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13
Q

Clinical Anatomy

A

Includes anatomical subspecialties important to the practice of medicine

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14
Q

Cytology

A

The internal structure of individual cells

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15
Q

Histology

A

Studying tissues

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16
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells that perform specific functions

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17
Q

Organs

A

Groups of tissues combining to form anatomical structures with multiple functions

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18
Q

Human physiology

A

Study of functions of the human body

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19
Q

Human physiology is based on ___

A

Cell physiology, organ physiology, systemic physiology, pathological physiology

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20
Q

Cell physiology

A

The study of the functions of cells

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21
Q

Organ physiology

A

The study of the functions of specific organs

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22
Q

Systemic physiology

A

The study of the functions of specific organ systems

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23
Q

Pathological physiology

A

The study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions

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24
Q

The 11 organ systems of the body are ___

A

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

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25
Homeostasis
Existence of a stable environment within the body
26
Homeostatic regulation
Process by which physiological systems preserve homeostasis using a receptor, control center, and an effector.
27
Autoregulation
When a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to some environmental change
28
Extrinsic regulation
Regulation resulting from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system.
29
Receptor
Sensitive to a particular stimulus
30
Control center
Receives and processes information supplied by the receptor and then sends out commands
31
Effector
Cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center and then either opposes or enhances the stimulus
32
Negative feedback
Corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits
33
Positive feedback
Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions, creating a positive feedback loop
34
Anatomical Position
Standard arrangement for anatomical reference
35
Supine
Face up
36
Prone
Face down
37
Three sectional planes of the body
Transverse (horizontal) Frontal (coronal) Sagittal
38
What is this?
Transverse plane
39
What is this?
Frontal Plane
40
What is this?
Sagittal Plane
41
Body cavities function is \_\_\_
to protect delicate organs and permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs.
42
The ____ divides the (superior) thoracic and (inferior) abdominopelvic cavities.
Diaphragm
43
The thoracic cavity contains \_\_\_\_\_with a central tissue mass known as the \_\_\_\_\_
2 pleural cavities Mediastinum
44
The two pleural cavities in the thoracic cavity do what?
They each surround a lung.
45
What is inside the mediastinum?
Pericardial cavity
46
The pericardial cavity surrounds what?
The heart
47
The abdominopelvic cavity consists of the abdominal and pelvic cavitys and contains the _____ cavity lined with \_\_\_\_\_\_
Peritoneal Peritoneum, a serous membrane
48
This book was published by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and the International Associations of Anatomists to make a standard list of anatomical terms to be used internationally
International Anatomical Terminology (Terminologia Anatomica, or TA)
49
Clinical Anatomy is a study of the body that includes what?
Pathological anatomy (anatomical features that change during illness) Radiographic anatomy (anatomical structures seen during specialized imagin techniques) Surgical anatomy (anatomical landmarks important in surgery)
50
Identify the major levels of organization of the human body from the simplest to the most complex
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
51
Histologists research at what level of the body's organization?
Tissues
52
Describe how extrinsic regulation works with the nervous and endocrine systems
These systems detect an environmental change and send an electrical signal (nervous system) or chemical messenger (endocrine system) to control or adjust the activities of another or many other systems simultaneously.
53
What are the major organs of the integumentary system?
Skin Hair Sweat glands Nails
54
What are the major organs of the skeletal system?
Bones Cartilages Associated ligaments Bone marrow
55
What are the major organs of the muscular system?
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
56
What are the major organs of the nervous system?
Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves Sense organs
57
What are the major organs of the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Pancreas Adrenal gland Gonad Endocrine tissues in other systems
58
What are the major organs of the cardiovascular system?
Heart Blood Blood vessels
59
What are the major organs of the lymphatic system?
Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils
60
What are the major organs of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli
61
What are the major organs of the digestive system?
Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
62
What are the major organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra
63
What are the major organs of the male reproductive system?
Testes Epididymides Ductus deferentia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum
64
What are the major organs of the female reproductive system?
Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris Mammary glands
65
At what time are positive feedback loops typically produced in the body?
When a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly to restore homeostasis, such as blood clotting at the loss of blood.
66
Label the regions
1 Right hypochondriac region 2 Epigastric region 3 Left hypochondriac region 4 Right lumbar region 5 Umbilical region 6 Left lumbar region 7 Right inguinal region 8 Hypogastric (pubic) region 9 Left inguinal region
67
Epidemiology
Branch of science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of dieseases and other factors relating to health
68
Etiology
Science and study of disease causes
69
Idiopathic
Any disease or condition of unknown cause
70
Syndrome
Condition characterized by a group of associated symptoms

Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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