Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology and the Process of Science

Question 1

the science that studies life

Answer 1

Biology

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key characteristics of all living organisms

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order, response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, homeostasis, and energy processing.

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highly organized and consist of one or more cells

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Organisms

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remarkably complex

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Single-celled organisms

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inside each cell

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atoms come together through chemical bonding and form molecules.

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Molecules come together to form cell components or structures

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organelles

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consist of millions of cells

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multicellular organisms

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respond to diverse stimuli

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Organisms

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tiny bacteria can move toward or away from chemicals, a process called

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chemotaxis

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A movement toward a stimulus is considered a

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positive response

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movement away from a stimulus is regarded as a

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negative response

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necessary on both a cellular and organismal level

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Reproduction

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For a population to survive, some individuals within that population must

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reproduce

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begins by first duplicating their genetic material. Once the genetic material is duplicated, it is then divided equally into two new cells. The two new daughter cells should be identical to the parent cell.

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Reproduction

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are a consequence of evolution by natural selection

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Adaptations

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has had some impact on every lineage of reproducing organisms

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Evolution

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are vital because they enhance an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce; however, are not constant

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Adaptations

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causes the individuals in a population to adapt to those changes

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natural selection

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is often described as the processes that an individual goes through as it grows and matures

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Development

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or “steady state” is the ability of an organism to regulate and maintain constant internal conditions.

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Homeostasis

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require appropriate conditions such as proper temperature, pH, and concentrations of nutrients to function correctly

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Cells

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is a process where light energy can be captured and converted into chemical energy.

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Photosynthesis

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Organisms that are capable of making their own chemical energy are referred to as

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autotrophs

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Others must obtain their chemical energy by consuming other organisms. These individuals are referred to as

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heterotrophs

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is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons

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atom

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form molecules

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Atoms

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is a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond

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molecule

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is a large molecule that is typically formed by combining smaller molecules

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macromolecule

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are small molecules linked together to form the macromolecule

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nucleotides

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are small structures that exist within cells and perform specialized functions.

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Organelles

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All living things are made of

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cells

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is the smallest fundamental unit found in living organisms

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cells

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Some _ consist of a single cell, while others are multicellular.

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organisms

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In most multicellular organisms, cells combine to make _ which are groups of similar cells carrying out the same function.

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tissues

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are collections of tissues grouped based on a common function

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Organs

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is a higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs.

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organ system

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individual living entities

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Organisms

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All the individuals living within a specific area are collectively called a

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population

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is the set of populations inhabiting a particular area.

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community

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consists of all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, or non-living, parts of that environment, such as nitrogen in the soil or rainwater

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ecosystem

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is the collection of all ecosystems on planet Earth. It includes land, water, and portions of the atmosphere.

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biosphere

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The source of this diversity is

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evolution

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is the process of genetic change in a population. Evolution helps explain how new species can arise from older species

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Evolution

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n the 18th century, a Swedish scientist named _____ first proposed organizing living organisms into a hierarchical taxonomy.

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Carl Linnaeus

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The current taxonomic system now has eight levels in its hierarchy, from

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lowest to highest

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they are

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species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain

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The highest taxonomy level ________ is a relatively new addition (1990's) to the system.

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domain

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three domains of life

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the Eukarya, the Archaea, and the Bacteria

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The domain ___ is very diverse and includes the kingdoms of fungi, plants, animals, and several kingdoms of protists. Humans, plants, yeast, and mushrooms are just a few representatives of the domain ____

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Eukarya

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These organisms are classified as ___ because they have nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles.

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eukaryotes

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Both the Archaea and Bacteria are single-celled organisms classified as

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prokaryotes

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are organisms that lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles

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Prokaryotes

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The evolutionary relationships of various life forms on Earth can be summarized in a

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phylogenetic tree

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is a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both.

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phylogenetic tree

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studies biological processes at the molecular level, including interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. Microbiology is the study of the structure and function of microorganisms

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molecular biology

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another branch of biology, uses fossils to study life’s history

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Paleontology

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are the study of animals and plants

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Zoology and botany

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apply the knowledge of biology to create useful products

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Biotechnologists

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study the interactions of organisms in their environments.

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Ecologists

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study the workings of cells, tissues, and organs

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Physiologists

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is the application of science to answer questions related to the law

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Forensic science

Question 61

Which of the following statements is false? a. Tissues exist within organs which exist within organ systems. b. Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems. c. Organelles exist within cells which exist within tissues. d. Communities exist within ecosystems which exist in the biosphere.

Answer 61

B. Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems

Question 62

The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of “living” is the ________. a. organ b. organelle c. cell d. macromolecule

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c. cell

Question 62

Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most complex to the least complex level? a. organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population b. organ, organism, tissue, organelle, molecule c. organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ d. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

Answer 62

d. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

Question 63

Briefly explain how evolution is a source of species diversity

Answer 63

Evolution leads to genetic changes in a population. For example, if you had a population of insects that live on a maple tree, some insects may begin to feed selectively on the bark of the tree, while others may selectively feed on the leaves. Over time, genetic changes can occur that may prevent these two groups from breeding with one another. In this case, a speciation event has occurred, increasing species diversity.

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a part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment

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control

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a form of logical thinking that uses a general statement to forecast results

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deductive reasoning

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the variable that will change when the independent variable is altered; this is what the researcher will measure or observe during the experiment

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dependent variable

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the group where the independent variable is applied

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experimental group

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it can be shown to be false by experimental results

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falsifiable

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a suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested

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hypothesis

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is the variable that is being altered or changed by the researcher; it is the variable being tested

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independent variable

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a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

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inductive reasoning

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statements that describe what should happen if the hypothesis is supported

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predictions

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a scientific report that is reviewed by a scientist’s colleagues before publication

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peer-reviewed article

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claims or beliefs that are portrayed as scientific fact but cannot be evaluated using the scientific method

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pseudoscience

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data that is descriptive

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qualitative data

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data that is numerical

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quantitative data

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the knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, mainly when acquired and tested by the scientific method

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science

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a method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation

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scientific method

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a thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

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scientific theory

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variables that must be kept consistent otherwise they can affect the outcome or results of the experiment

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standardized variable