Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks Flashcards by Brittany Snowden-Miller

Specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.

o Microbiology

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Five cellular microorganisms are…

o Bacteria

o Archaea

o Fungi

o Protozoa

o Helminths (are multicellular animals whose mature form is visible to the naked eye)

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Acellular Microorganisms are

Viruses

Prions

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Microorganisms from largest to smallest

Helminths, Fungi, Protozoa, Bacteria, Viruses, and Prions

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“True nucleus”

Only cells containing a nucleus

Eukaryotic Cells

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What are two Prokarotes
(No true nucleus)

Bacteria and Archaea

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Accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environment.

Evolution

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Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen.

Photosynthesis

Also known as oxygenic photosynthesis

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Humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting.

Biotechnology

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Some specialized bacteria have unique capacities to ____ or ____.

*Mine Precious Metals

Clean Up Human-created Contamintion

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• An area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

o Genetic Engineering

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A powerful technique for designing GMOs

Recombinant DNA Technology

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Any agent that causes disease

Pathogens

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How many different microbes can cause various types of disease

2000

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Any disease caused by a microorganism is termed

Infectious disease

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New Emerging/Old Emerging Diseases

o AIDs

o Hepatitis C

o Zika virus

o West Nile Virus

o TB

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· One well-known example of gastric ulcers, now known to be caused by a bacterium is called

o Helicobacter (H. pylori)

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Top causes of death in the United States that microorganisms cause is

o Respiratory Disease

Influenza/Pneumonia

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Scientific Method in order

OR HER Cat

o Observation

o Research Background

o Hypothesis (statement must have a clear yes/no answer)

o Experimentally/Test Hypothesis

o Reject/fail to reject. Hypothesis Analyze Data

o Communicate Results

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Method used to prevent contamination with microorganisms

Aseptic technique

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Studies supported by the work of other scientists became known as

o Germ Theory of Disease

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4 Macromolecules

o Carbohydrate
o Lipids
o Proteins
o Nucleic Acids

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Lipids

Triglycerides

· Glycerol (head) + 3 fatty acids

· Fats, oils

· Storage

Phospholipids

· Fatty acids+glycerol+phosphate

· Membrane components

· Major component of cell membrane

Waxes

· Fatty acids, alcohols

· Mycolic acid

· Cell wall of mycobacteria

Steroids

· Ringed structure

· Cholesterol, Ergosterol

· In membranes of eukaryotes and some bacteria

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Proteins

• Chains of amino acids
• Enzymes; part of cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, antibodies
• Serve as structural components and perform metabolic reactions

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o Nucleic Acids

• Purines: • Adenine (A) • Guanine (G) • Pyrimidines • Cytosine (C) • Thymine (T) • Uracil (U) • Deoxyribonucleic/DNA • Contains deoxyribose sugar and thymine, not uracil • Chromosomes; genetic material of viruses • Mediate inheritance • Ribonucleic/RNA • Contains ribose sugar and uracil, not thymine • Ribosomes; mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, genetic material of viruses • Facilitate expression of genetic traits

· Indispensable polysaccharide in preparing solid culture media, is a natural component of certain seaweeds.

o Agar

· Exoskeletons of certain fungi contain___. A polymer of glucosamine (sugar with an amino functional group.

o Chitin

· It is one special class of compounds in which polysaccharides (glycans) are linked to peptide fragments (a short chain of amino acids). This molecule provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall.

o Peptidoglycan

· The outer covering of gram-negative bacteria, also contain a complex of lipid and polysaccharide responsible for symptoms such as ____ and ____. This is called

o Lipopolysaccharide Fever and shock

· Serves as a protective outer layer and can play a role in attachment of the cells to other cells or surfaces

o Glycocalyx

· Four main types of lipids

o Triglycerides o Phospholipids o Steroids o Waxes

· Phospholipids in membrane have a water-loving region called

Hydrophilic

· Phospholipids in membrane have a water-fearing region called

Hydrophobic

· Complex ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes and as animal hormones

o Steroids

· The best-known sterol (steroid) called

o Cholesterol

· An ester formed between a long-chain alcohol and a saturated fatty acid.

o Wax

· Wax material is typically pliable and soft when...but hard and water resistant when... Like a candle wax

o Warm o Cold

Predominant organic molecules in cells are

o Proteins · Amnio acids are the buliding blocks of proteins · Protein can be denatured ·Change the structure of a protein you change the function

· Type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain, which varies extensively from protein to protein

o Primary Structure

Various functional R groups (side chains) exposed on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds · This cause amino acids to twist into a coiled configuration called alpha helix or to fold into an accordion pattern called beta-pleated

o Secondary Structure (2)

· Proteins in the secondary level undergo a third degree of torsion · Created by additional bonds between functional group · Making a 3D structure · Protein with the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine, further ____ stability is achieved through covalent disulfide bonds between sulfur atoms on two different parts of the molecule

o Tertiary Structure (3)

· More than one polypeptide forms a large multiunit protein. · Typical of antibodies and some enzymes that act in cell synthesis

o Quaternary Structure (4)

· Serve as a catalyst for all chemical reactions in cells

o Enzymes o Nearly every reaction requires a different enzyme

· The Energy Molecule of Cell o A nucleotide containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphates (instead of one) o Belongs to a category of high-energy compounds that give off energy when the bond is broken between the second and third (outermost) phosphate

o Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

· The science of classifying living being is

o Taxonomy

· Categories also known as

o Taxa

· “Naming”- is the assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms

o Nomenclature

· Is the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy

o Classification

· Is the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be recognized or named and then classified

o Identification

· Rules for Scientific naming/writing

always a combination of the genus name followed by the species name o The genus part of the scientific name is capitalized o The species part begins with a lowercase letter o Both should be italicized (and underlined if handwriting) as follows · Escherichia coli · Abbreviate afterwards: Example (E. Coli)

· ____ schemes are organized into several descending ranks, beginning with the most general all-inclusive taxonomic category and ending with the smallest and most specific category

Classification

· Taxonomic Categories from top to bottom · Know the order: Dear King Philp Came Over For Good Soup

o Domain (Eukarya) o Kingdom (Animalia) o Phylum/Division (Chordata) o Class (Mammalia) o Order (Primates) o Family (Hominidae o Genus (Homo) o Species (Sapiens)

· Recognize traits in right category

o Identification

1. List the several types of microorganisms that can colonize humans:

Cellular Microorganisms are a. Bacteria b. Archaea c. Fungi d. Protozoa e. Helminths (are multicellular animals whose mature form is visible to the naked eye) Acellular Microorganisms are f. Viruses g. Prions

can be both a cellular or multi- cellular

Eukaryote

1. Explain the ways that humans manipulate organisms for their own uses:

a. Biotechnology b. Genetic Engineering c. Recombinant DNA Technology

1. Identify two acellular infectious agents that are studied in microbiology:

a. Virus b. Prions

1. Compare and contrast the relative sizes of the different microbes:

Helminths, Protozoa, Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, and Prions

1. Name the four main families of biochemicals:

a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Protein d. Nucleic Acid

1. Provide examples of cell components made from each of the families of biochemicals

· Carbohydrate cell wall (cellulose in plants and algae; chitin in fungi; peptidoglycan in bacteria) · Lipids cell membrane (phospholipids) cell wall (mycolic acid) · Proteins cell membrane (embedded proteins); cytoskeleton (actin, microtubules) flagella, cilia, chromosomes (histones) Ribosomes (proteins with rRNA make up ribosomes) · Nucleic Acids chromosomes (DNA), Ribosomes (rRNA). ATP

a. Carbohydrates

i. Monosaccharides 1. 3-7 carbon sugars 2. Glucose and fructose a. Sugars involved in metabolic reactions; building block of disaccharides and polysaccharides ii. Disaccharide 1. Two monosaccharides 2. Maltose (malt sugar) a. Composed of two glucoses; an important breakdown product of starch 3. Lactose (milk sugar) a. Composed of glucose and galactose 4. Sucrose (table sugar) a. Composed of glucose and fructose iii. Polysaccharides 1. Chains of monosaccharides a. Starch, cellulose, glycogen i. Cell wall, food storage

1. List the three components of a nucleotide:

a. Sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

10. Name the three nitrogen bases for BOTH DNA and RNA

a. Adenine (A) b. Cytosine (C) c. Guanine (G) i. Note: DNA has Thymine (T) and RNA has Uracil (U)

1. List the three components of ATP:

a. A nucleotide containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphates (instead of one)

1. Know the three major domains:

a. Archaea b. Bacteria c. Eukarya

• Refers to the ability of microorganisms one already presents or those introduced intentionally to restore the stability of an ecosystem or to clean up toxic pollutants.

Bioremediation

What are the four lipids

Triglyceride: Storage Phospholipids: Major component of cell membrane Waxes: Cell Wall of Mycobacteria Steroids: Cholesterol/Ergosterol. Found in Eukaryotes and some bacteria

Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks Flashcards

(67 cards)