Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

Study of changes in structure and function as a result of disease including:

  • Cause, nature and course of disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Disease

A

Unhealthy state caused by the affects of injury

  • Structural changes: result in abnormal function
  • Abnormal function: result in structural changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Acute disease

A

Arises rapidly.

  • Distinct symptoms
  • Short duration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chronic disease

A

Begins slowly.

  • Signs/symptoms difficult to interpret
  • Long duration
  • Not prevented by vaccine or cured with medication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Etiology

A

The cause of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Idiopathic

A

Unknown cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Sequence of events leading from causes to manifestations of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Mechanism by which the abnormal function is spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sign

A

Manifestation of a disease seen by an observer

  • Vomitting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Symptom

A

Manifestation of a disease reported by the patient

  • Nausea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Syndrome

A

Collection of signs and symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lesion

A

Structural changes in a tissue or organ (change in morphology)

Localize change representing a wound or injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Morbidity

A

Short term or long term disability due to a disease “illness”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mortality

A

Outcome of a disease is death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Incidence

A

The frequency of a disease over a period of time in a given population

Incidence = # of new cases per year/
                     # of persons in the population

“Rate”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prevalence

A

The number of cases present in a given population at any one time

Prevalence = # of persons with disease at
any moment in time/
# of persons in the population

”%”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anatomic pathology

A

Structural.

Involves examination of solid tissues using:

  • Naked eye: “gross exam” “macroscopic”
  • Microscope: light and electron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Surgical pathology

A

Includes:

  • All material removed at surgery
  • Biopsies
  • Frozen sections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells. Includes:

  • Cervical and vaginal smears: pap smear
  • Sputum smears: material coughed up
  • Urine and body fluid – bladder cells are shed during urination
  • Fine needle aspirates
  • Cellular materials obtained during endoscopic exams
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Autopsy pathology

A

Necropsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Routine hospital autopsy

A
  • Requires family’s permission
  • Quality control mechanism that evaluates clinical impressions of disease and results of treatment
  • Teaching and research tool: becomes data
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Clinical pathology

A

– Functional

– Involves laboratory study of fluid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Clinical chemistry

A

Blood levels of:

  • Electrolytes
  • Enzymes: released into the blood from damage cells
  • Hormones
  • Drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Infections

A

Virology, microbiology, parasitology

  • Identification of microorganisms
  • Evaluation of sensitivity of antibiotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Immunology
Study of antibodies and antigens
26
Blood banking
Immunohematology - Blood types - Cross matches - Processing of blood components for transfusion
27
Hematology
Evaluation of blood cells and coagulation
28
Urinalysis
- Dissolved substances: sugar, protein, drugs - Crystals - Cells (blood, bacteria) - Casts: coagulated clusters of protein formed in the kidney – kidney stones
29
Forensic pathology
Disease and death as they are related to law
30
Coroners autopsy
Jurisdiction of coroner defined by law Includes: - Accident victims - Suicides, homocides - Sudden death without prior medical attention - Patients who die within 24 hours of admission - Patients who die on the operating table *** Coroner may release body for private autopsy or burial without autopsy
31
Laboratory evaluation
Material from rape victims or alcohol and drug levels
32
Heredity or congenital abnormalities
Present at birth - Genetic defects: - ranging from chromosome abnormality to single gene defects - may result in a metabolic abnormality at a cellular level or in the gross malformations - Developmental abnormalities: without definite genetic changes
33
Physical injury
- Trauma: fractures, cuts, crush, stretch | - Thermal: burns, freezing, radiation, electricity
34
Chemical injury
- Poison: soaps, bleach, insecticides, plants, venom - Drugs: aspirin, tranquilizers, narcotics, vitamins - Environmental hazards
35
Inflammatory diseases
- Infection: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan, worms | - Non-infection inflammations
36
Vascular diseases
- Ischemia: too little blood to the tissues - Hypoxia: decreased oxygen (#1 cause ofcellular injury) - often cause of other disease - no oxygen > no ATP - no ATP > no function
37
Neoplasia
Tumor production - Benign or malignant - Often named by presumed cell of origin
38
Immunologic injury
- Deficiencies: acquired or congenital - Hypersensitivities - Autoimmune diseases
39
Degeneration
Often associated with aging
40
Metabolic or nutritional deficiencies
- Electrolyte imbalances - Deficiencies: vitamins, minerals, protein, calories - Excess: calories, glucose, lipid, vitamins, minerals
41
Structural hierarchy of the body
Cells > tissues > organs > organ systems
42
Cells
Smallest functional unit of the body
43
Tissues
Collection of similar cells
44
Organ
Several different tissues organized into a distinct functional structure
45
Organ system
Different organs performing similar or related functions
46
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
– Maintain cell structure - Participates in cell function: - Metabolically active - Transports substances across the membrane: active transport, phagocytosis - Forms intercellular junction's to bind it tissues together - Contains receptor sites for active compounds (hormone receptors)
47
Nucleus
Control center - Contains chromosomes: total genetic info for that individual - Sends out the instructions for the functioning of the cell in the form of RNA
48
Organelles
Structural subunits of the cells found in the cytoplasm
49
Mitochondria
- Cylindr or oval membrane-bound structures | - Produce energy to run cell
50
Ribosomes
RNA protein complexes - Protein manufacturing centers - Often attached to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
51
Endoplasmic reticulum
Network of interlacing membrane and tubules - Manufacturing and packaging centers for the cell - Smooth ER: lipid - Rough ER: protein, due to fixed ribosomes
52
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound sax containing hydrolytic enzymes - Digestion and storage organelles
53
Epithelium
Lining cells (protective) and glandular cells (secretion) - Originating from: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - Squamous cells urothelium, ciliated columnar cells, mucus secreting columnar cells, glandular cells
54
Squamous cells
Flattened, pancake like cells covering body surfaces - Present as multiple layers or as a single layer of cells - Skin, mouth, esophagus
55
Urothelium (transitional cells)
- Layers of oval or domb shaped cells | - Urinary tract
56
Ciliated columnar cells
Usually a single layer of tile cells with delicate feathery cilia at one end - Trachea, bronchi
57
Mucus secreting columnar cells
- GI tracked and salivary glands
58
Glandular cells
Any cell which secretes or absorbs something - Liver, pancreas, thyroid, adrenal, kidney
59
Mesenchyme
Structural cells: support and shape - Originate from mesoderm - Muscle, bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, fat, blood cells, endothelium, mesothelium
60
Muscle
- Skeletal - Smooth: G.I. tract, bronchi, blood vessels, uterus, bladder - Cardiac muscle: heart
61
Bone
- Osteocyte: maintain mature bone - Osteoblast: form new bone - Osteoclast: erode bone
62
Cartilage
- Chondrocyte: maintain mature cartilage | - Chondroblast: form new cartilage
63
Fibrous tissue (CT proper)
- Fibrocyte: maintain mature CT | - Fibroblast call in form new CT
64
Fat
Adipose tissue Lipoblast/lipocyte > adipocyte or fat cells
65
Blood cells
Hematopoietic cells
66
Endothelium
Epithelial lining of blood cells (exception to "linings) - Epithelium derived from mesenchyme > mesoderm
67
Mesotheliom
Epithelial lining body cavities: serosae (exception to "linings") - Epithelium derived from mesenchyme > mesoderm
68
Nervous tissue
Histologically ectoderm, technically not mesenchyme - Neuron - Glia: support sells for neurons
69
Healthy-normal test
True negative: 99%
70
Healthy-abnormal test
False positive: 1%
71
Sick-normal test
False negative: 1%
72
Sick-abnormal test
True positive: 99%
73
Sensitivity
The ability of a test to be positive in the presence of a disease - The test is 99% positive if it is positive in 99 of 100 persons known to have the disease - There's a 1% chance of a false negative - Do this test 1st: will allow you to detect a lot of suspects (+) and won't miss any sick patients - Pap smears, PSA tests
74
Specificity
Ability of a test to be negative in the absence of disease - It is 99% specific if it is negative in 99 of 100 persons known not to have the disease - This allows you to sort out the true positives (actually sick) from those with false positives (healthy patients) - Cervical or prostate biopsy
75
Note on Prevalence and Predictive Value
A test has high predictive value if the prevalence in the population is high

Pathology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions