Chapter 1: Introduction To Pathophysiology

Question 1

Study of causes/reasons for phenomena. Identifies causal factors acting in concert that provoke a particular disease or injury

Answer 1

Etiology

Question 2

Cause is unknown

Answer 2

Idiopathic

Question 3

Cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment

Answer 3

latrogenic

Question 4

A factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease

Answer 4

Risk factor

Question 5

Development or evolution of disease, from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of disease

Answer 5

Pathogenesis

Question 6

Subjective feeling of abnormality in the body

Answer 6

Symptoms

Question 7

Objective or observed manifestation of disease

Answer 7

Signs

Question 8

A set of signs and symptoms not yet determined to delineate a disease

Answer 8

Syndrome

Question 9

Time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs and/or symptoms

Answer 9

Latent period

Question 10

Time during which first signs and/or symptoms appear or onset of disease occurs

Answer 10

Prodromal period

Question 11

Period during an illness when signs/symptoms temporarily become mild or silent

Answer 11

Latent period

Question 12

Patient functions normally; disease processes are well established

Answer 12

Subclinical stage

Question 13

Short-lived; may have severe manifestation

Answer 13

Acute clinical course

Question 14

May last months to years, sometimes following an acute course

Answer 14

Chronic clinical course

Question 15

Increase in severity, signs, symptoms

Answer 15

Exacerbation

Question 16

Decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured

Answer 16

Remission

Question 17

Stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure

Answer 17

Convalescence

Question 18

Subsequent pathological condition resulting from an acute illness

Answer 18

Sequela

Question 19

Estimate of diseases in a normal population, based on a bell-shaped curve

Answer 19

Statistical normality

Question 20

Test’s ability to give the same results in repeated measurements

Answer 20

Reliability

Question 21

Degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure

Answer 21

Validity

Question 22

Extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person’s condition

Answer 22

Predictive value

Question 23

Probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition

Answer 23

Sensitivity

Question 24

Probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition

Answer 24

Specificity

Question 25

Each culture defines health and illness in a manner that reflects their experience

Answer 25

Cultural considerations

Question 26

A normal value for a person at one age may not be normal for a person at another age

Answer 26

Age and biologic factors linked

Question 27

Relevant in both health and disease

Answer 27

Gender differences

Question 28

Determine whether a derivation from normal should be considered abnormal or an adaptation mechanism

Answer 28

Situational differences

Question 29

May impact how the body responds from day to night, or at varying times

Answer 29

Time variations

Question 30

Study of the patterns of disease involving populations

Answer 30

Epidemiology

Question 31

Native to a local region

Answer 31

Endemic disease

Question 32

Spread to many people at the same time

Answer 32

Epidemic disease

Question 33

Spread to large geographic areas

Answer 33

Pandemic disease

Question 34

Factors affecting patterns of disease

Answer 34

Age Ethnic group Gender Socioeconomic factors Lifestyle considerations Geographic location

Question 35

Altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for susceptible persons

Answer 35

Primary prevention

Question 36

Early detection, screening, and management of disease

Answer 36

Secondary prevention

Question 37

Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning following disease

Answer 37

Tertiary prevention