Chapter 1: Introduction to Radiation Protection Flashcards
1
Q
What are x-rays?
A
a form of ionizing radiation
- removal of an electron
2
Q
the production of ionizing radiation causes what
A
may cause injury in normal biological tiissue
3
Q
is a radiation that produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter
A
ionizing radiation
4
Q
the transfer of energy from one location to another
A
radiation
5
Q
when where x-rays discovered
A
November 8, 1895
6
Q
What are some concepts of radiation
A
it can be beneficial or destructive
7
Q
a form of biological damage
A
radiation
7
Q
What does the acronym ALARA stand for
A
as low as reasonably achievable
8
Q
creation of unstable atoms is
A
ionization
8
Q
what are some consequences of ionization in human cells
A
- creating of unstable atoms
- production of free electrons
- production of low-energy, x-ray photons
- creation of highly reactive free molecules capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell
- creation of a new biological molecules detrimental to the living cell
- injury to the cell that may manifest itself as a abnormal function or loss of function
9
Q
why is production of free electrons bad
A
most damaging
10
Q
injury to the cell can be what
A
- cell survival
- complete cell death
- abnormal function
11
Q
What are some characteristics of x-rays
A
- x-rays are invisible
- x-rays have no mass
- x-rays are neutral
- x-rays can’t be focused or refracted
- x-rays travel at the speed of light and in straight lines
- x-rays form a polyenergetic or heterogeneous beam
12
Q
Team concept in medical field
A
-team approach to patient care
- team includes many allied health professionals
- communication is very important
13
Q
How to control radiant energy
A
- use knowledge of radiation- induced hazards that have been gained over many years
- employ effective methods to eliminate those hazards
- control radiation produced from an x-ray tube and ensure safety during all medical radiation procedures
- limiting the energy deposited in living tissue by radiation can reduce the potential for adverse effects
14
Q
What is the goal of radiation protection
A
protect persons from both short term and long term effects of radiation
15
Q
what are some short term effects of radiation
A
hair loss, redness, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue
16
Q
means to yourself
A
somatic
16
Q
what are some long term effects of radiation
A
cancer, cardiovascular disease
16
Q
future generations
A
genetic
17
Q
what is an ongoing responsibility of diagnostic imaging professionals
A
to ensure radiation safety during all medical radiation procedures
18
Q
how can diagnostic imaging professionals keep this obligation
A
is fulfilled by adhering to an established radiation protection program
18
Q
what are effective measures employed by radiation workers
A
effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation
19
Q
what are some kind of unnecessary radiation
A
- any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management of medical needs
- any radiation exposure that does not enhance the quality of study
20
the less dose they have
the less damage they get
21
amount of radiation produced in air when ionizing radiation is present
exposure
22
what's in the air
exposure
23
the amount of energy that is deposited in a material per unit mass of the material
absorbed dose
23
what do you measure exposure in air with
coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) <=(si unit) or milliroentgen (mR)
24
what do you measure absorbed dose with
measure in milligram / milligray (mGy)
25
what's deposited in the patient
absorbed dose
26
a quantity that is a measure of general harm in humans.
effective dose
27
what's the measurement of effective dose
measured in millisievert (mSv)
28
what involves effective dose
- type of radiation
- organ system affected
- amount of absorbed dose
- best method
29
measures the type of radiation and dose received
equivalent dose
30
general harm to the human body
effective dose
31
some tissue are more
sensitive
32
Need to safeguard against adverse biological effects of ionizing radiation
damage to living tissue of animals and humans exposed to radiation
33
justification and responsibility for imaging procedures
patient can elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing radiation
34
What are the achievement of diagnostic efficacy
1. imaging procedure or practice justified by referring physician
2. minimal radiation exposure
3. optimal image desired
4 process of absence of disease revealed
5. diagnostic efficacy
35
the degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence of absence of disease in the patient
diagnostic efficacy
36
What's the acronym for ALARA
acronym for as low as reasonably achievable
37
another word for ALARA
optimization for radiation protection (ORP)
37
intention behind these concepts of radiologic practice is to keep radiation exposure and consequent dose to the lowest possible level
ALARA principle
37
The three basic principles of radiation protection
- time
- distance
-shielding
38
time, distance, and shielding are considered what
Cardinal Rules of Radiation Protection
39
What is the radiation worker's responsibility
- Be aware of rules governing the workplace.
* Perform duties consistent with ALARA.
40
The Cardinal Rules of radiation protection can be applied to
- Patient
- Radiographer
41
What are the Employers' Responsibilities
- It is the responsibility of the employer to provide the necessary resources and appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program.
- A written policy statement describing this program and identifying the commitment of management to keeping all radiation exposure ALARA must be available to all employees in the workplace
- how radiation exposure in the workplace may be lowered, management should perform periodic exposure audits.
42
Radiation Worker's Responsibility
- always function with full awareness of rules governing the work situation
- perform their occupational practices in a manner consistent with the ALARA principle
43
What can educating patient do
- educating about imaging services helps to ensure the highest quality of service
- Use appropriate and effective communication
- Answer questions about the potential risk of radiation exposure honestly
- Inform patients of what needs to be done, if anything, as a follow-up to their examination
44
The probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity
Risk in general term
45
the possibility of inducing adverse biologic effects, such as injury to the skin or induction of cancer or a genetic defect after irradiation.
Risk ( in the medical industry) with reference to the radiation sciences
46
A method that can be used to improve understanding and reduce fear and anxiety for the patient.
Background Equivalent Radiation Time (BERT)
47
Compares the amount of radiation received with natural background radiation received over a given period of time
Background Equivalent Radiation Time (BERT)
48
on an annual US population exposure of natural background per year
3 mSv millisieverts per year.
49
What are the Advantages of the BERT Method When It Is Used Appropriately
- BERT does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison.
- BERT emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment.
- The answer given in terms of BERT is easy for the patient to comprehend.
50
Who are more sensitive to radiation
Children are significantly more radiation sensitive than are adults
51
What have studies have shown regarding radiation exposure to children
Studies have shown that the more radiation exposure a child receives the more likely for them to develop cancer later in life
52
was founded in 2007. It is a partnership of medical societies whose overall common purpose is to reduce the radiation dose for pediatric patients
Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging
53
What is Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging primary goal
raise awareness among nonradiology users (e.g., emergency room physicians, referring physicians, orthopedists, neurosurgeons, etc.) of potentially high radiation exposure from computed tomography.
54
Started by Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging
Image Gently Campaign.
54
dissemination of information on pediatric CT dose reduction among the various medical specialties that refer patients for CT examinations or even operate their own CT scanners.
Image Gently Campaign
55
delivers the message that CT scanning saves children’s lives but that patient dose should be lowered by “child sizing” the kV and mA settings, by scanning only the indicated area
- Created to address concerns about the increase of public exposure to ionizing radiation from medical imaging
Image Wisely Campaign
56
Monitoring and Reporting Radiation Dose
- Trend toward more rigorous reporting of patient dose in radiology
- CT and interventional procedures are more cognizant of patient dose recording.
- Required in some states
57
project in place to provide data on the measurement of radiation of x-ray machines
NEXT ( Nationwide Evaluation of X-ray Trends) Program and Reference Values
58
These levels may then be used to allow individual institutions to determine where they stand with regard to standard practices at the majority of institutions.
NEXT Program and Reference Values
59
When patient dose is predicted to or has actually substantially exceeded normal dose levels, what happens
the staff radiologist is notified.
60
may be called upon to estimate patient doses such as effective dose, peak skin dose, or fetal dose
medical physicist
61
Protects against leakage radiation and electric shock
Tube housing
62
Contains the filament and focusing cup
- has a negative charge
cathode
63
serves to expel the electrons from the circuit and focus them in a beam on the focal spot
cathode
64
made of thoriated tungsten
- high melting point
- Responsible for producing thermionic emission
-Source of electrons for x-ray production
- Determines the size of the focal spot
Filament
65
- made of nickel/ molybdenum
- keeps the electron cloud and space charge
- negative charge
- concentrates the electron beam towards the focal spot of the anode
focusing cup
66
Electrons cloud near filament.
Space Charge
67
Area of anode struck by electrons from cathode.
Target
68
The process of boiling off electrons and produces a cloud of electrons by heating the filament
Thermionic Emission
69
Occurs when no more electrons can be boiled off the filament
Space charge effect
70
Three components of anode.
Anode, stator and rotor
71
Is the primary thermal conductor of the tube
Anode
72
Two types of anodes
Rotating and stationary
72
What is the anode made up of
Tungsten rhenium alloys
73
Purpose of rotating anode
Promote greater heat dissipation
73
Absorption of X-rays produces in the tube by the anode, causes uneven distribution of X-ray intensity between the cathode and anode, more intensity on cathode side (fat cat)
Anode heel effect
74
Atomic number of tungsten rhenium alloy
74
74
Spreads heat over a greater area of the anode and allows the effective focal spot to be smaller than the actual focal spot
line focus principle
74
Is made of molybdenum and connects the anode to the rotor
Stem
75
What is the X-ray efficiency
1% X-ray , 99% heat
75
The only thing located outside of the envelope that consists of copper windings
Stator
75
Made of a copper cylinder in the step of the X-ray tube and is support by the high strength ball bearings
Rotor
76
- Spread the heat produced over the entire anode circle, rather than one spot
- Promote greater heat dissipation of the anode overall
rotating anode
76
how much mSv does Dental, intraoral have
and how many BERT
0.06 mSv
- 1 week
76
how much mSV from a chest radiograph
and how many BERT
0.08 mSv
- 10 days
77
how much mSv from a cervical spine
and how many BERT
0.1 mSv
- 2 weeks
78
how much mSv from a thoracic spine
and how many BERT
1.5 mSv
- 6 months
79
how much mSv from a lumbar spine \
and BERT
3.0 mSv
- 1 year
80
how much mSv for Upper GI series
and BERT
4.5 mSv
- 1.5 years
81
how much mSv for a Lower GI series
and BERT
6.0 mSv
- 2 years
82
how much mSv for skull
and BERT
0.07 mSv
- 11 days
83
how much mSv for hip
and BERT
0.3 mSv
- 7 weeks
84
how much mSv for abdomen
and BERT
0.7 mSv
- 4 months
85
how much mSv for a pelvis
and BERT
0.7 mSv
- 4 months
86
how much mSv for limbs and joints except hips
and BERT
<0.01 mSv
- <1.5 days
87
how much mSv for CT brain
and BERT
2.0 mSv
- 1 year
88
how much mSv for CT chest
and BERT
8.0 mSv
- 3.6 years
89
how much mSv for CT abdomen/pelvis
and BERT
10.0 mSv
- 4.5 years
