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CSCS Exam Study Guide > Chapter 1 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

A-band

A

muscle striation containing myosin filaments; appears dark under light microscope & light in polarized light

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2
Q

acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter that stimulates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, at the motor endplates of skeletal muscle, & in the central nervous system as well as muscarinic receptors in smooth myscle, in exocrine glands & int he central nervous system

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3
Q

actin

A

one of the protein components into which actomyosin can split

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4
Q

action potential

A

sequence of electrical changes that occurs in a portion of a nerve cell membrane that is exposed to a stimulus that exceeds the membrane’s threshold

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5
Q

all-or-none principle

A

theroy that when a muscle contracts completely or not at all

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6
Q

alveolar pressure

A

is the pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open & no air is flowing into or out of the lungs

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7
Q

alveoli

A

1 - one of the terminal secretory portions of an alveolar or racemose gland.
2 - one of the honeycomb pits in the wall of the stomach

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8
Q

aortic valve

A

the valve between the left ventricle & the ascending aorta, consisting of three fibrous semilunar cusps (valvules)

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9
Q

arterial system

A

which carries blood away from the heart

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10
Q

arteriole

A

a minute artery with a tunica media comprising only one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

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11
Q

artery

A

thick-walled, muscular blood vessel conveying blood away fromt eh heart & pulsating with each heartbeat. with the exception of the pulmonary & umbilical arteries, the arteries convey red or oxygenated blood

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12
Q

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

A

group of specialized fibers that conducts impulses from the atrioventricular node to the Purkinje fibers in the ventricular muscle of the heart

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13
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

specialized mass of cardiac muscle fiibers located in the interatrial septum of the heart; transmits cardiac impulses from the sinoatrial node to the A-V bundle

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14
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

cardiac valve located between an atrium & a ventricle

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15
Q

atrium

A

chamber of the heart that recieves blood from veins

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16
Q

bone periosteum

A

a specialized connective tissue covering all bones

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17
Q

bradycardia

A

slowness of the heartbeat, usually a rate less than 60 beats per minute

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18
Q

bronchi

A

one of the two subdivisions of the trachae serving to convey air to & from the lungs

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19
Q

bronchiole

A

small brnach of a bronchus within the lung

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20
Q

capillary

A

a small blood vessel that connects an arteriole & a venule

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21
Q

cross-bridges

A

globular heads that protrude away from the myosin filament at regular intervals

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22
Q

depolarization

A

the loss of an electrical charge on the surface of a cell membrane

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23
Q

diastole

A

phase of the cardiac cycle when a heart chamber wall relaxes

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24
Q

diffusion

A

random movment of molecules from a region of higher concentration toward one of lower concentration

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25
distal
farther from the trunk or origin; opposite of proximal
26
electrocardiogram (ECG)
recording of the electrical activity associated with the heartbeat
27
endomysium
sheath of connective tissue surroundign each skeletal muscle fiber
28
epimysium
outer sheath of connective tissue surroundign a skeletal muscle
29
extrafusal fibers
served by axons of the alpha motor neurons (serve multiple muscle fibers); contraction of these muscle provides movement
30
fasciculus
small bundle of muscle fibers
31
fast-twitch fiber
histologically distinct skeletal muscle fibers that generate energy rapidly & are active in quick, powerful actions
32
Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
sensory receptors in tendons close to muscle attachments that are involved in reflexes that help maintian posture
33
heart
a hollow chmabered muscular organ that recieves the blood from the veins & propels it inot the arteries
34
hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells
35
H-Zone
the area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present
36
I Band
a light band on each side of the Z line of striated muscle fibers, comprising a region of the sarcomere where thin filaments are not overlapped by thick filaments
37
inferior
situated below something else; pertaining to the lower surface of a part
38
insertion
end of a muscle attached to a movable part
39
intrafusal fibers
specialized sensory organs served by 2 axons, one sensory & one motor
40
mitral valve
heart valve located between the left atrium & the left ventricle; bicuspid valve
41
motor neuron
neuron that transmits impulses form the central nervous system to an effector
42
motor unit
a motor neuron & its associated muscle fibers
43
muscle fiber
muscle cell
44
muscle spindle
modified skeletal muscle fiber that can respond to changes in muscle length
45
myocardium
muscle tissue of the heart
46
myofibril
contractile fiebrs within muscle cells
47
myofilament
the ultramicroscopic threads of filamentous proteins making up myofibrils in striated muscle
48
myosin
protein that, with actin, contracts & relaxes muscle fibers
49
neuromuscular junction
synapse between a motor neuron & a skeletal muscle fiber
50
origin
end of a muscle that attaches to a relativley immovable part
51
parasympathetic nervous system
the branch of the autonomic nervous system that sends motor signals to glandular smooth muscle, & cardiac tissue, during recovery from threat
52
perimysium
sheath of connective that encloses a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers or a fascicle
53
pleura
the serous membrane envelopign the lungs & lining the walls of the pleural cavity
54
pleural pressure
is the pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura & the chest wall pleura
55
proprioceptor
nerve ending that senses changes in muscle or tendon tension
56
proximal
closer to the trunk or origin; opposite of distal
57
pulmonary valve
valve leading from the right ventricle ot the pulmonary trunk (artery); pulmonary semilunar valve
58
purkinje fibers
specialized muscle fibers that conduct the cardiac impulse from the A-V bundle into the ventricular walls
59
P Wave
waveform in an electrocardiographic tracing representign arterial depolarization
60
QRS complex
segment is ventricular depolarization
61
recruitment
increase in number of motor units activated as stimulation intensity increases
62
red blood cell
disc-shaped cell, lacking a nucleus, that is packed with the oxygen-carrying molecule hemoglobin; erythrocyte
63
repolarization
returning the cell membrane potential to resting potential
64
sarcolemma
cell membrane of a muscle fiber
65
sarcomere
structural & functional unit of a myofibril
66
sarcopenia
progressive reduction in muscle cross-section & mass with aging
67
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm within a muscle fiber
68
semilunar valve
a heart valve composed of a set of three semilunar cups (valvules); hence, both the aortic & pulmonary vlaves are semilunar valves
69
sinoatrial (SA) node
specialized tissue in the wall of the right artrium that initiates cardiac cucles; the pacemaker
70
sliding-filamnet theory
muscles contract when the thin (actin) & thick (myosin) filaments move past each other, shortening the skeletal muscle cells
71
slow-twitch fiber
develop force & relax slowly & have a long twitch time
72
superior
structure higher than another structure
73
sympathetic nervous system
portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic & lumbar regions of the spinal cord
74
systole
phase of the cardiac cycle duirng a heart chamber wall contracts
75
tachycardia
abnormally rapid heartbeat
76
tendon
cordlike or bandlike mass of white fibrous connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone
77
tetanus
a stimuli may be delivered at so high a frequency that the twitches begin to merge & eventually completely fuse
78
trahea
tubular organ that leads from the larynx to the bronchi
79
triad
group of three things
80
tricuspid vlave
heart valve located between the right artrium & the right ventricle
81
tropomyosin
protein that blocks muscle contraction until calcium ions are present
82
Troponin
protein that functions with tropomyosin to block muscle contraction until calcium ions are present
83
T-tubule
the transverse tubule that passes from the sarcolemma across a myofibril of striated muscle; it is the intermediate tubule of the triad
84
T-Wave
the next deflection in the electrocardiogram after the QRS complex; represents ventricular repolarization
85
twitch
brief muscular contraction followed by relaxation
86
type I fiber
slow twitch
87
type IIa fiber
fast twitch
88
type IIb fiber
fast twitch
89
vein
vessel that carries blood toward the heart
90
venous sytem
returns blood toward the heart
91
venule
vessel that carries blood from capillaries to a vein
92
Z-line
a cross-striation bisecting the I band of striated muscle myofibrils & serving as teh anchoring point of actin filaments at either end of the sarcomere

CSCS Exam Study Guide (2 decks)

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