Chapter 1 (Lessons 1.1-1.6) Flashcards
(40 cards)
What is soda’s chemical mixture?
A can of soda pop, like most familiar items in our daily lives, is a chemical mixture containing mostly sugar, water, and carbon dioxide
Where can I find chemicals?
Chemicals compose virtually everything in our world: the soda; this book; your pencil; indeed, even your own body
What are chemists interested in?
Chemists are particularly interested in the connections between the properties of substances and the structure of the particles that compose them.
What is an example of this?
For example, why does soda pop fizz?
soda pop is ultimately composed of tiny particles called…..
atoms
atoms are bound together to form several different types of
Molecules
What determines everything that about the molecules that the substance composes?
The details of how atoms bond together to form a molecule—straight, bent, or some other shape—as well as the type of atoms in the molecule, determine everything about the substance that the molecule composes
What is pressure?
the result of collisions between gaseous molecules and the surfaces around them
How does soda use pressure?
The makers of soda pop use pressure (the result of collisions between gaseous molecules and the surfaces around them) to force gaseous carbon dioxide molecules to mix with liquid water molecules. As long as the can of soda is sealed, the carbon dioxide molecules remain mixed with the water molecules, held there by pressure. When the can is opened, the pressure is released and carbon dioxide molecules escape out of the soda mixture
Everything that we can hold or touch is….
Chemicals
What does chemistry explains?
Chemistry explains the properties and behavior of chemicals, in the broadest sense, by helping us understand the molecules that compose them
What is chemistry?
the science that tries to understand how matter behaves by studying how atoms and molecules behave.
What method does chemists use?
The scientific method
What is the scientific method?
a way of learning that emphasizes observation and experimentation—to understand the world.
The scientific method stands in contrast to ___________ philosophies that emphasized__________
anicient-greek, reason
What are the key characteristics that seperates the scientific method from any other ways of acquiring knowledge?
These key characteristics include observation, the formulation of hypotheses, the testing of hypotheses by experiment, and the formulation of laws and theories
What is the first step in acquiring scientific method?
The first step in acquiring scientific knowledge (▼ Figure 1.2) is often the observation or measurement of some aspect of nature.
Some observations are __________, requiring nothing more than the ____________. Other observations rely on the use of_______________. Occasionally, an important observation happens entirely by __________-.
simple, naked eye, sensitive insrumentation, chance
What is an example of an observation that happened entirely by chance?
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955), for example, discovered penicillin when he observed a bacteria-free circle around a certain mold that had accidentally grown on a culture plate.
What does observations involve?
Regardless of how these observations occur, they usually involve the measurement or description of some aspect of the physical world.
Example of this
For example, Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794), a French chemist who studied combustion, burned substances in closed containers. He carefully measured the mass of each container and its contents before and after burning the substance inside, noting that there was no change in the mass during combustion. Lavoisier made an observation about the physical world.
Observations often lead scientists to formulate a ________
Hypothesis
What is a hypothesis?
a tentative interpretation or explanation of the observations
Example of hypothesis
Lavoisier explained his observations on combustion by hypothesizing that combustion involved the combination of a substance with a component of air
