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Microbiology > Chapter 1: Main Themes In Microbiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Main Themes In Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

It groups and names living things

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2
Q

What is classification?

A

Living things are grouped based on what they have in common

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3
Q

What are the characteristics used to group living things?

A 
How many cells?
What type of cells? Eukaryotic or prokaryotic
Autotroph or heterotroph?
Is it motile or sessile?
Does it have a cell wall?
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4
Q

What are the two types of multicellularisn?

A

True and colonial

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5
Q

What is colonial multicellularism?

A

Cells share a common boundary but there is no division of labor

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6
Q

What is true multicellularism?

A

Most share a common boundary and different groups have different jobs to do

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7
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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8
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Organelles are contained within a membrane and contains linear DNA that controls the cell. Specific chemical reactions are compartmentalized within a membrane

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9
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Some chemical reactions happen within the cells but organelles are not housed within a membrane. Circular DNA with no friends controls the cell. Tend to look empty on the inside because of absence of a normal organelles

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10
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Use materials in their environment to make their own food— algae, plants, bacteria etc.

They are the only ones that can make basic molecule units like monosaccharides and also be able to use them

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11
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

They cannot make their own food from raw materials. Examples are bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and animals

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12
Q

What does sessile mean?

A

Adult organisms cannot move from one space to another. They lack motility

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13
Q

What does motile mean?

A

Adult form can move from one space to another. Possesses motility

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14
Q

What type of cell wall do fungi have?

A

Cell walls mostly made of chitin but other materials may form the cell walls like glucans

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15
Q

What makes up the cell walls of algae and plants?

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

What make up the cell walls of bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

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17
Q

What make up the cell walls of Archaea?

A

Proteins, polysaccharides or molecules other than peptidoglycan. Sometimes lacking a cell wall altogether

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18
Q

What are the four kingdoms of domain eukarya?

A

Protista, fungi, plants, animals

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19
Q

Describe Protista?

A

Autotrophs (algae)- Sessile, Cellulose cell wall, some are uni/multicellular

Heterotrophs (Protozoa)- mostly motile, no cell wall, unicellular

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20
Q

Describe fungi?

A

Heterotrophs, Sessile, Chitin cell wall, yeasts are unicellular, mushrooms mildew and mold are multicellular

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21
Q

Describe plants?

A

Autotrophs, sessile, cell wall of cellulose, multicellular

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22
Q

Describe animals?

A

Heterotrophs, mostly motile, no cell wall, multicellular

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23
Q

How are bacteria classified?

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A

Shape and arrangement

24
Q

What are the three general shapes of bacteria?

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A

Coccus- spherical
Bacillus- rod shaped
Spirilla/spirochete- curved rod or spiraled

25
What are the arrangements of bacteria?
``` Single- Random association of bacteria Pairs- two bacteria Chains- Row of bacteria Tetrad- Group of four Cluster- large irregular group ```
26
Streptococcus species
Streptococcus mutans- Dental caries Streptococcus pyogenes- Strep throat/scarlet fever Streptococcus pneumoniae- Pneumonia
27
What are the different types of microbes?
Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses, archaea and multicellular animal parasites
28
What are some of the functions of microbes?
``` Disease causing Produce oxygen Decompose organic waste Some cause fermentation Some create ethanol, acetone and vitamins ```
29
What has knowledge of microorganisms allowed us to do?
Prevent food spoilage Prevent disease Understand causes of disease and how they spread
30
How many bacterial cells are contained in the human body? what is it called?
40 trillion, make up our microbiome
31
What does our microbiome do?
Helps maintain good health Prevent pathogens Help immune system learn to recognize threats Colonization can only occur in areas of body where bacteria could thrive
32
When does our normal microbiome begin developing?
At birth and may colonize indefinitely or fleetingly
33
When did the Human Biome Project begin? What was its purpose?
2007. Determine what types of bacteria colonize in different areas and to understand the correlation between changes in our microbiome and diseases we acquire.
34
When was the National Microbiome Initiative begun? Role?
2016. Studies the role of microbes in various ecosystems
35
Characteristics of bacteria
Prokaryotes- no nucleus or membrane bound organelles Single celled Peptidoglycan cell walls Divide via binary fission Get nutrition from chemicals and photosynthesis May be able to move via flagella
36
Characteristics of archaea
``` Prokaryotic Not disease causing May lack cell walls Live in extreme environments Include bacteria that produce methane (methanogens), thrive in saline conditions (halophiles) and thrive at high temps (thermophiles) ```
37
Characteristics of fungi
``` Eukaryotic (has a nucleus w/ DNA) Cell walls made of chitin Absorb organic chemicals for energy *Yeasts are unicellular *Molds/mushrooms are multicellular ```
38
Characteristics of protozoa
Eukaryotic Absorb or ingest organic chemicals May be able to move via flagella,cilia or pseudopods Some live on their own while others are parasitic and some are photosynthetic Reproduce sexually or asexually
39
Characteristics of algae
``` Eukaryotic Cell walls composed of cellulose Found in soil, fresh and salt water Use photosynthesis for energy- produce O2 and carbs Sexual/asexual reproduction ```
40
Characteristics of viruses
Acellular Have DNA or RNA at core Core surrounded by protein coat that may be inside a lipid envelope Can only replicate when they are in a living host cell
41
Characteristics of multi-cellular animal parasites
Eukaryotic Multicellular Not necessarily microorganisms Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths
42
3 Domains based on cellular organization
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals)
43
What are antibiotics?
Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that stop or kill other harmful microbes
44
Who discovered the first antibiotics?
Alexander Fleming
45
What is bacteriology?
Study of bacteria
46
What is mycology?
Study of fungi
47
What is parasitology?
Study of protozoa and parasitic worms
48
What is immunology
Study of immunity
49
What is virology?
Study of viruses
50
What is microbial genetics?
Study of how microbes inherit traits
51
What is molecular biology?
Study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
52
What is genomics?
Study of organisms genes
53
What is recombinant RNA? (rRNA)
DNA made from 2 different sources | Ex. Animal & bacterial
54
What is microbial ecology?
Study of relationship between microorganisms and their environment Bacteria convert elements into forms that can be used by plants and animals
55
What is normal microbiota?
Microbes that are regularly found on the human body that prevent the growth of pathogens
56
What is resistance?
Body's ability to ward off disease | skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals
57
What are biofilms?
Microbes that grow in large groups to cover surfaces like teeth, medical implants, rocks etc. Can cause infections- usually antibiotic resistant

Microbiology (2 decks)

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